A&P final study guide

this tissue has many layers of flat scale like cells

squamous

list the 3 components of all connective tissues

cells, fibers, ground substance

the arm muscle is named for its 2 head (short and long)

biceps brachii

the organelle responsible for producing ATP via cellular respiration

mitochondria

hair, skin, nails, and glands belong to this body system

integumentary system

list 8 cranial bones

frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones, Paired: temporal and parietal bones

This neurotransmitter is responsible for binding to receptors on the sarcolemma of a muscle fiber

acetylcholine

this type of hurling producing cell is only found in the cell

type of neuron cell monitors the health of neurons and can phagocytize debris is necessary

microglial

this endocrine gland is found in cervical region and requires iodine for its product

thyroid gland

what gastric cell secretes HCl and intrinsic factor? Why is intrinsic factor crucial for life?

parietal cells and absorption of B12

the lymphatic system drains recaptured fluids into this vascular system

veins

where in the body are erythrocytes produced and what hormone stimulates their production?

produced in red bone marrow, erythropoietin stimulates

this male gland reproduction gland is roughly the size of a walnut and enlarges with age causing difficulties urinating in males of advanced age

prostate gland

what are the male and female haploid gamete cells called

sperm and egg

how many oxygen molecules can hemoglobin transport when at full capacity

4

loss of 30% or more of your total blood volume causes this fatal condition

hypovolemic shock

the first step in hemostasis is

vascular spasm

mature erythrocytes don’t have these specific organelles

nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes

functional unit of the kidney

nephron

urine becomes more concentrated as you move this direction thru the kidney

downwards toward the renal path

list the primary lymphatic organs

thymus and red bone marrow

how action potential is generated and spread in an axon of CNS

resting state, receive stimulus, threshold depolarization, peak repolarization, hyperpolarized reset

overview of path renal filtrate moves thru nephron before excreted as urine

Glomerulus & Bowman’s Capsule: Blood is filtered, and the filtrate enters the capsule. Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT): Reabsorbs most nutrients, ions, and water from the filtrate back into the blood. Loop of Henle (Descending & Ascending Limbs): Descends into the medulla to concentrate urine by reabsorbing water, then ascends to reabsorb sodium and chloride. Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT): Further reabsorbs water and specific ions under hormonal regulation. Collecting Duct: Receives processed filtrate from many nephrons, finalizing water conservation to form urine before exiting the nephron. After leaving nephron, urine moves to renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, and finally urethra for excretion

which muscle cells have the greatest ability to regenerate

smooth

muscle tone is…

state of sustained contraction

correct order for phases of a muscle twitch?

relaxation, contraction, latent (inactive)

sliding filament model of contraction involves…

actin & myosin sliding past each other & partially overlapping

ACh diffuses away from synaptic cleft

ACh diffuses away from synaptic cleft (true)

ACh is taken up by the axon terminal via endocytosis

ACh is taken up by the axon terminal via endocytosis (true)

ACh binds to ACh receptors

ACh binds to ACh receptors (false)

ACh is broken down into acetic acid & choline by enzyme acetylcholinesterase

ACh is broken down into acetic acid & choline by enzyme acetylcholinesterase (true)

The _____ shortens during muscle contraction

sarcomere

which term best identifies a muscle cell?

muscle fiber

does stimulus frequency decrease?

does stimulus frequency decrease? (false)

additional stimuli are delivered before relaxation is complete

additional stimuli are delivered before relaxation is complete (true)

the muscle can relax between stimuli

the muscle can relax between stimuli (false)

high frequency stimuli create a long, sustained contraction

high frequency stimuli create a long, sustained contraction (true)

huntington disease

progressive breakdown of nerve cells in brain

mad cow disease

causes a fatal, rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disorder that destroys brain tissue

what type of cells line ventricles of brain?

ependymal cells

which landmark divides cerebrum in half?

longitudinal fissure

vermis

split in cerebellum

lateral sulcus

seperates frontal/parietal, above temporal lobe

transverse fissure

seperates cerebrum/cerebellum

regeneration within the CNS…

is prevented due to growth inhibiting proteins of oligodendrocytes

the nucleus is found in the ___ of a neuron

cell body

what is NOT a steroid-based hormone

epinephrine

what ARE steroid-based hormones

cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen

which digestive process does NOT occur in mouth

segmentation

which structure is lined with simple squamous epithelium?

oropharynx

where are respiratory control centers located?

medulla, pons, midbrain

site of fertilization

fallopian tubes

copulation

sexual intercourse

effects of estrogen include…

growth of breasts at puberty

structure that produces greatest am. of secretions found in semen?

seminal glands (secrete fructose to nourish sperm)

bulbourethral gland

secrete alkaline mucus

ductus deferens

transports sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct

epididymis

mature and store sperm

which cells is released during ovulation

secondary oocyte

primary oocyte

immature egg cell in ovary formed before born

oogonium

immature diploid cell

ovum

mature female repro cell

mammary glands, although active in repro, are part of what body system?

integumentary system

correct path of egg after leaving ovary and entering uterine tube?

infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, uterus

a secondary oocyte is paused at meiosis II, what has to occur for oocyte to complete meiosis II?

fertilization

what happens in meiosis I

reduction division

gastric phase

3-4 hour of gastric secretion/muscular activity

intestinal phase

3rd stage of digestion, chyme in duodenum, controlling rate of stomach emptying then nutrient absorption

cephalic phase

before food in stomach, triggered by sight/smell, etc

origin of muscle

anchor point to bone that is stable

insertion of muscle

end of muscle attached to bone that moves when muscle contracts

when bi, tri, and quad forms part of a muscle name, what does it tell you abt the muscle?

muscle has 2,3, or 4 origins

fixators

special muscle that stabilizes origin to action

agonist

primary muscle to produce specific movement at joint

name membranes encasement around brain

meninges

lamina propria

thin CT that forms mucous membranes

epineurium

outer layer of dense irregular CT that surrounds peripheral nerves

choroid plexus

network of blood vessels and cells located in brain ventricles

which is outer layer of meninges

dura matter (outer, thickest, toughest membrane layers)

dural sinus matter

special channels that act as main drainage system for brain

arachnoid matter

middle layer for 3 protective meninges that surround brain and spinal cord

pia matter

delicate, innermost layer of tissue that wraps around brain/spinal cord

vagus nerve

longest nerve, highway linking brain to heart, lungs, digestive

hypoglossal nerve

controls almost all movements of tongue

olfactory nerve

sensory nerve for smell

where is gray matter located?

outermost layer of brain