1.5 Terminology & the Body Plan (+ Image Occlusion)

Latin, Greek

Most anatomical terms are derived from ______ or ______.

prefix, suffix

Medical terminology is often modified by adding a ______ or ______ to change or add context to the meaning.

Anatomical position

____________________ refers to a person standing upright with the face directed forward, the upper limbs hanging to the sides, and the palms of the hands facing forward.

supine, prone

A person is ________ when lying face upward and ________ when lying face downward.

relative to each other

Directional terms describe parts of the body __________________________.

toward the body's right side

As a directional term, right means "________________________".

toward the body's left side

As a directional term, left means ________________________.

below

As a directional term, inferior means "______".

above

As a directional term, superior means "______".

toward the front of the body

As a directional term, anterior means "________________________".

toward the back of the body

As a directional term, posterior means "________________________".

toward the back

As a directional term, dorsal means "________________".

toward the belly

As a directional term, ventral means "__________________".

closer to a point of attachment

As a directional term, proximal means "________________________________".

farther from a point of attachment

As a directional term, distal means "_________________________________".

away from the midline of the body

As a directional term, lateral means "________________________________".

toward the midline of the body

As a directional term, medial means "______________________________".

toward, on the surface

As a directional term, superficial means "________" or "______________".

away from the surface, internal

As a directional term, deep means "____________________" or "__________".

inferior

The nose is ________ to the forehead.

superior

The mouth is ________ to the chin.

anterior

The teeth are ________ to the throat.

posterior

The brain is ________ to the eyes.

dorsal

The spine is ________ to the breastbone.

ventral

The navel is ________ to the spine.

proximal

The shoulder is ________ to the elbow.

distal

The ankle is ________ to the hip.

lateral

The nipple is ________ to the breastbone.

medial

The bridge of the nose is ________ to the eye.

superficial

The skin is ________ to muscle.

deep

The lungs are ________ to the ribs.

head, neck, trunk

The central region of the body consists of the ________, ________, and ________.

thorax, abdomen, pelvis

The trunk can be divided into three regions: the ________, the ________, and the ________.

thorax

The ________ is the chest cavity where the heart and lungs are located.

abdomen

The ________ contains organs such as the liver, the stomach, and the intestines.

pelvis

The ________ contains the bladder and reproductive organs.

arm, forearm, wrist, hand

The upper limb is divided into the ________, the ________, the ________, and the ________.

arm, forearm

The ________ extends from the shoulder to the elbow and the ________ extends from the elbow to the wrist.

thigh, leg, ankle, foot

The lower limb is divided into the ________, the ________, the ________, and the ________.

thigh, leg

The ________ extends from the hip to the knee and the ________ extends from the knee to the ankle.

quadrants

The abdomen is subdivided superficially into four ________.

regions

The abdomen is sometimes subdivided into ________ by four imaginary lines.

sagittal

A ________ plane separates the body or a structure into right and left halves.

the flight of the arrow

The word sagittal means "________________________".

median, midsagittal

A ________ or ________ plane is a sagittal plane that passes through the midline of the body.

transverse, horizontal

A ________ or ________ plane runs parallel to the ground, dividing the body into superior and inferior portions.

coronal, frontal

A ________ or ________ plane divides the body into anterior and posterior halves.

longitudinal

A ________ section is a cut along the length of an organ, similar to the cut along a hot dog bun.

transverse, cross

A ________ or ________ section cuts complete through an organ, similar to cutting a banana into round pieces.

oblique

If a cut is made diagonally across the long axis, it is called an ________ section.

dorsal, ventral

The body contains two types of internal cavities: the ________ body cavity and the ________ body cavity.

internal organs

The body cavities, which are closed to the outside, contain our ____________________, providing protection for them.

nervous

The dorsal body encloses the organs of the ________ system: the brain and spinal cord.

cranial cavity, vertebral canal

The two subdivisions of the dorsal body cavity are the ________ and the ________.

brain

The cranial cavity houses the ________.

spinal cord

The vertebral canal houses the ________.

meninges

The brain and spinal cord are covered by membranes called ________.

viscera

The ventral body cavity houses the vast majority of our internal organs, collectively referred to as the ________.

thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity

The two major subdivisions of the ventral body cavity are the ________ and the ________.

heart, lungs

The thoracic cavity primarily houses the ________ and ________.

pleural cavities, medial mediastinum

The thoracic cavity is subdivided into two ________ and the ________.

lung, ribs

The two pleural cavities each enclose a ________ and are surrounded by the ________.

heart, blood vessels, thymus, trachea, esophagus

The medial mediastinum houses the ________ and its major ________, alongside the ________, ________, and ________.

middle wall

The term mediastinum means "____________".

abdominal muscles

The abdominopelvic cavity is enclosed by the ________.

abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity

The abdominopelvic cavity consists of the more superior ________ and the more inferior ________.

peritoneal cavity

The organs of the abdominopelvic cavity are housed within the ________.

to stretch over

The term peritoneal means "________________".

digestive

The abdominal cavity contains the majority of the ________ organs.

pelvis, urinary bladder, urethra, rectum, reproductive

The pelvic cavity continues below the ________ and contains the ________, ________, ________, and the ________ organs.

serous

The walls of the body cavities and the surface of internal organs are in contact with membranes called ________ membranes.

double

Serous membranes are ________ layered.

parietal

The layer that lines the walls of the cavities is called the ________ serous membrane.

wall

The term parietal means "______".

visceral

The layer covering the internal organs is the ________ serous membrane.

pericardial cavity

The ________ cavity, containing the heart, is housed in the mediastinum.

around the heart

The term pericardial means "________________".

parietal pericardium

The parietal serous membrane of the pericardial cavity is called the ________.

visceral pericardium

The visceral serous membrane of the pericardial cavity is called the ________.

pericardial fluid

The pericardial cavity is filled with ________.

parietal pleura

The parietal serous membrane of the pleural cavities is called the ________.

visceral pleura

The visceral serous membrane of the pleural cavities is called the ________.

pleural fluid

The pleural cavities are filled with ________.

peritoneal cavity

The ________ cavity houses many internal organs, such as the liver, the digestive organs, and the reproductive organs.

parietal peritoneum

The parietal serous membrane in the peritoneal cavity is called the ________.

visceral peritoneum

The visceral serous membrane in the peritoneal cavity is called the ________.

peritoneal fluid

The peritoneal cavity is filled with ________.

stretched around

The term peritoneal means "________________".

mesentery

A ________ is a double layer of visceral peritoneum attaching the digestive organs at certain points to the posterior abdominopelvic cavity wall.

nerves and blood vessels

Mesentaries also provide a pathway for ______________________ to reach the digestive organs.

retroperitoneal

Organs tightly adhered to the posterior body wall and covered by peritoneum only on their peritoneal cavity side are referred to as ________.

behind the peritoneum

The term retroperitoneal means "________________________".

Inflammation

__________, often due to an infection, of the serous membranes can cause serious consequences if the problem cannot be resolved.

inflammation

The suffix -itis means "____________".

Pericarditis

___________ is an inflammation of the pericardium.

Pleurisy

__________ is inflammation of the pleura.

Peritonitis

___________ is an inflammation of the peritoneum.