PoG Ch. 1 & 2

Sex

Male, female, or outside the binary.

Gender

Meanings people give to each sex category; includes masculine, feminine, androgynous, agendered.

Gender identity

How one identifies their gender internally.

Sex-gender correspondence

Whether an individual’s gender identity matches their assigned sex; includes cisgender (yes) and transgender/agender/nonbinary (no).

Gender expression

The outward manifestation of gender, including masculine, feminine, androgynous, nonbinary.

Gender roles

Societal expectations for males (provider/protector) and females (caretaker/homemaker), including androgynous roles.

Gender traits

Characteristics associated with masculinity, femininity, and androgyny.

Gender role attitudes

A spectrum ranging from traditional to egalitarian views on gender roles.

Gender stereotypes

Preconceived notions about genders, such as women being emotional and kind, and men being decisive and independent.

Sexual orientation

The pattern of emotional, romantic, or sexual attraction, including straight, gay, bisexual, pansexual, asexual, and fluid.

Androgyny

The possession of high levels of both stereotypically male-typed and female-typed traits.

Cisgender privilege

Use of public restrooms

Strangers don’t assume they can ask about your genitals or having sex

Male privilege

Can go about comfortably w/o fear of sexual harassment

Masculinity isn’t questioned if you don’t have kids

Heterosexual privilege

Immediate access to loved one in case of accident/emergency

Expect to share joint child custody

Sex binary

concept that sex is two opposite and non-overlapping categories

First Wave

1840’s-1920’s

Second Wave

1960’s-1990’s

Third Wave

1990’s-Present

First wave events

Votes for women

Property rights

Educational/occupational equality

First women’s rights convention

National Woman Suffrage Association formed

Second wave events

Workplace inequalities

Sexual violence

Equal pay act

Title VII barring employment discrimination

Title IX banning sex discrimination in education

Roe v. Wade and reproductive rights

Third wave events

Intersectionality

Third world feminism

LGBTQ rights

Queer politics

Family and Medical Leave Act

Violence Against Women Act

Ban on females in combat roles lifted by U.S. Defense

Liberal feminism

• Equality; equal characteristics; equal opportunity

  • Gender differences? Race? Workplace vs. Home

Radical feminism

• Dismantle the patriarchy; get rid of rigid gender roles

  • Overemphasis on gender - what about race, gender identify, class/SES

Socialist feminism

• Focuses on division of labor; we overvalue men’s work; economic independence

  • Women working for other women - cleaning homes, childcare, etc.?

Gender similarities hypothesis

males and females are similar on most, but not all, psychological variables

• Meta analysis found 60% of effect sizes to be small or close to 0

• Largest differences were in motor performance, sexuality, and aggression

• Emphasizing gender differences reinforces stereotypes

Major findings in the Hyde report

Pearson’s r value

measures strength of a correlational relationship; values ranging from -1.0 to +1.0

Cohen’s d statistic

standardization of scores to see effect size or difference; typically between 0.0-1 (-F/+M)

small effect

+-.2

medium effect

+-.5

large effect

+-.8