WWI, the Roaring 20s, and the Great Depression

Schenck v. United States

Supreme Court case that ruled an individual's freedom of speech could be curbed when the words spoken presented a "clear and present danger."

Selective Service Act

Act requiring all men between 21 and 30 to register for the draft and they would be randomly chosen for military services.

Self-determination

People who belong to a nation should have their own country and government.

Bernard Baruch

Appointed to run the War Industries Board that controlled the flow of raw materials, construction or new factories, and occasionally set prices.

Herbert Hoover

Appointed as Food Administrator and encouraged Americans to save food on their own.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

A treaty in an attempt to outlaw war that was signed by the US and 14 other nations.

Zimmerman Telegram

Message sent to the German ambassador in Mexico, instructing him to make an often to the Mexican government so that Mexico would ally with Germany, that was intercepted by British intelligence.

Militarism

Nation's policy of glorifying its armed forces and aggressive spirit.

Dawes Plan

Agreement with France, Britain, and Germany in which American banks would make loans to the Germans, enabling them to meet their reparation payments, also Britain and France would accept less in reparations and pay more on their war debts.

Allies

Formed when France, Russia, Great Britain, and Italy joined forces.

Jeanette Rankin

First woman ever elected to the US House of Representatives.

War Industries Board

..., This government agency oversaw the production of all American factories. It determined priorities, allocated raw materials, and fixed prices; it told manufacturers what they could and could not produce.

Russian & Bolshevik Revolution

..., Revolution begun in 1917 in which the Bolshevik Party led by Vladimir Lenin overthrew the reigning Tsar, Nicholas II, and forced Russia to abandon the war in order to maintain order within its borders.

Henry Cabot Lodge

Political, intellectual, and cultural figure that opposed joining the League of Nations.

Trench Warfare

Method of digging into the ground and fighting from the "underground forts."

League of Nations

14th point in Wilson's plan that called for an association to help preserve peace and prevent future wars by pledging to respect and protect each nations territory and political independence.

Committee on Public Information

Government agency in charge of "selling" the war to American people.

Espionage & Sedition Acts

Established penalties and prison terms for anyone who gave aid to the enemy and made any public expression of opposition to the war.

Sacco & Vanzetti

Two immigrants that were portrayed as anarchists, arrested for murder and robbery, and were later found guilty and were wrongly executed.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne that was assassinated by a member of a Serbian nationalist group; immediate cause for WWI.

Alliances

Pledging support and protection for one nation in exchange for the same from that nation.

Treaty of Versailles

Treaty requiring Germany to pay reparations, to be stripped of its armed forces, and to acknowledge guilt for the outbreak of WWI and the devastation caused by the war; cause for WWII.

"The Big Four"

Nickname for the principle figures at the Paris Peace Conference. ( US President Wilson, Great Britain's Prime Minister David George, French Premier Georges Clemenceau, and Italian Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando)

Armistice

..., A cease fire or temporary suspension of hostilities by agreement of the warring parties.

Fourteen Points

Wilson's plan that was based on" the principles of justice to all peoples and nationalities."

Woodrow Wilson

American president that opposed imperialism believed that democracy was essential to a nation's stability and prosperity, and he wanted to "make the world safe for democracy."

Isolationism

Americans that were tired of being entangled in the baffling, mutually hostile, and dangerous politics of Europe and wanted to be left alone to pursue prosperity.

Lusitania

British passenger ship that entered the war zone and was sunk by a German U-Boat.

Central Powers

Formed when Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria joined forces.

Serbia

Nation of people that Austria-Hungary blamed for the assassination of the Archduke.

John J. Pershing

General that unsuccessfully led troops across the border of Mexico to find and capture Pancho Villa.

Safe for Democracy

title of Wilson's speech to Congress to declare war and make the world safe

Peace without Victory

US strategy in WWI—NOT gain a victory, but peace

Louis Armstrong

Trumpet player that slashed away the stiff rhythms of the time

Marcus Garvey

Dynamic black leader from Jamaica that captured the imagination of millions of African Americans with his call for "Negro Nationalism," which glorified black culture and traditions of the past; started the Back to Africa Movement.

NAACP

Organization that battled segregation against African Americans by focusing on lobbying public officials and working through the court system.

W.E.B. Du Bois

Founder of the NAACP that lobbied and protested against the horrors of lynching.

F. Scott Fitzgerald

One of the most famous writers of the era that wrote The Great Gatsby; came up with the title the "Jazz Age" to depict the 1920s.

Charles Lindbergh

First pilot to complete the solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean.

The Jazz Singer

First "talking" picture (1927).

Ernest Hemingway

Author of For Whom the Bell Tolls and A Farewell to Arms that presented a new literary style characterized by direct, simple, and concise prose.

Langston Hughes

One of the most prolific, original, and versatile writers of the Harlem Renaissance that became a leading voice of the African American experience.

13. Speakeasies Secret bars that people flocked to during Prohibition.

Bootleggers

People who illegally produced and distributed liquor during Prohibition.

Fundamentalism

religious movement started by members of small rural towns that feared the country was losing its traditional values.

Scopes Trial

Supreme Court case where a Tennessee teacher was arrested and tried for teaching evolution and was found guilt; isolating the Fundamentalists from mainstream Protestantism.

New Deal

FDR's plan to provide work relief during the Great Depression; Relief, Reform, Recovery.

3 R's

The stages for Roosevelt's plan of recovery, relief and reform.

WPA

This program helped unemployed artists as well as building libraries and schools.

FDIC

This program insured bank deposits.

AAA

This program allowed the federal government to set limits on what farmers could plant and was declared unconstitutional.

24. Rugged individualism Herbert Hoover believed in this, which meant Americans should be strong during hard times.

TVA

Provided cheap electrical power for the Tennessee River Valley.

Huey Long

Proposed a radical, almost communist, plan as an alternative to Roosevelt's New Deal.

Frances Perkins

She became the first female Cabinet member (Sec. of Labor).

Dust Bowl

A drought on the Great Plains which caused farmers to migrate to California to find work.

Stock Market Crash

Causes included buying on margin, easy credit, and overspeculation.

CCC

This provided work relief for young men in the area of conservation.

Teapot Dome Scandal

Albert Fall took bribes to allow the excavation of National reserves of oil deposits

Return to Normalcy

Harding's campaign slogan after WWI

Black Tuesday

Stock Market crash day (nickname)

Direct relief

type of federal aid to people (not businesses) provided by the New Deal

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

protective tariff that placed as high as 50% import tax on goods; greatly hurt international trade

Overproduction

one of the main causes for the Great Depression; resulted in large layoffs

Soup kitchen/breadlines

community relief for homeless that provided food

Hoovervilles

slang term for shantytowns during the Great Depression

Social Security

federal program to provide monthly stipends for the elderly

Second New Deal

name of FDR's second term domestic policy

SEC

federal agency that enforces corporations provide accurate financial statements and prohibits illegal stock trading

Calvin Coolidge

President whose campaign slogan was "keep cool with Coolidge"

flappers

women who rebelled against Victorian values and fashion; known for her independence

lost generation

disillusioned literary artists who either committed suicide or left the country in search for the meaning of life

Harlem Renaissance

celebrated African-American culture with authors and musicians; New York was the location to be

Bonus Army March

WWI veterans who went to DC & demanded the remainder of their money to be granted early

Fireside Chats

FDR used these to talk to the American people; these talks informed, reassured & calmed the people

1st 100 Days

an unprecedented amount of bills were passed in this time period after FDR was first inaugurated

Eleanor Roosevelt

this person is considered one of the most powerful first ladies in history; is often compared to H. Clinton