Science - Particle theory and matter

Contains particle theory, states of matter, classifications of matter, changes of state in matter, and physical properties of matter

What is the Particle theory of matter (the 5 rules)?

1. All matter is made of tiny particles.

2. All particles of one substance are identical. (All water molecules are the same).

3. Particles have spaces between them.

4. Particles are always moving. (More energy = faster movement).

5. Particles are attracted to each other.

What is an atom?

The basic unit of a chemical element (e.g., one single atom of Gold).

What is a molecule?

Two or more atoms joined together. They can be the same element (O₂) or different (H₂O)

What is a pure substance?

Matter that contains only one type of particle (either one type of atom or one type of molecule).

What are elements?

Pure substances made of only one type of atom (found on the Periodic Table).

What are compounds?

Pure substances made of two or more different elements chemically bonded together.

What is mixture?

Two or more substances physically combined but not chemically bonded.

What is a homogeneous solution?

A uniform mixture where you cannot see the different parts (e.g., salt water).

What is solute?

The part that gets dissolved (the salt).

What is solvent?

The part that does the dissolving (the water).

What is an alloy?

A solid solution of two or more metals (e.g., Brass is copper + zinc).

What is a heterogeneous mechanical mixture?

Mixtures where different parts/stages are visible.

What is an ordinary mechanical mixture?

A mixture with large, visible parts that stay mixed (e.g., a granola bar or trail mix)

What is a suspension?

A mixture where large particles will eventually settle to the bottom if left alone (e.g., orange juice with pulp or muddy water).

What is an emulsion?

A mixture of two liquids that normally don't mix (like oil and water) held together by an "emulsifier" (e.g., mayonnaise).

What is a colloid?

A substance that has fine particles are suspended in another substance. They don't settle, but they aren't fully dissolved (e.g., milk, fog).

What is the Tyndall Effect?

The scattering of a beam of light caused by particles in a colloid. Allows homogeneous solutions and colloids to be distiguished.

What is the process of turning gas into a liquid called?

Condensation.

What is the process of turning a liquid into gas called?

Evaporation.

What is the process of turning a liquid into a solid called?

Freezing

What is the process of turning a solid into a liquid called?

Melting.

What is the process of turning a solid into a gas called?

Sublimation.

What is the process of turning gas into a solid called?

Deposition.

5 physical properties of a solid? (shape, volume, compressibility, heat expansion, and ability to flow)

Shape —> Fixed
Volume —> Fixed
Compressibility —> Not easily
Expansion upon heat —> Expands
Ability to flow —> No flow

5 physical properties of a liquid? (shape, volume, compressibility, heat expansion, and ability to flow)

Shape —> Takes shape of its container
Volume —> Fixed
Compressibility —> Not really
Expansion upon heat —> Expands
Ability to flow —> Flow

5 physical properties of a gas? (shape, volume, compressibility, heat expansion, and ability to flow)

Shape —> Takes shape of its container
Volume —> Depends on the size of its container
Compressibility —> Can be compressed
Expansion upon heat —> Expands
Ability to flow —> Flows

What is the 4th state of matter?

Plasma.

What does KMT stand for?

Kinetic Molecular Theory (energy of motion)

What does BEC stand for?

Boise Einstien Condensate.

When does BEC occur?

BEC occurs when a gas of extremely low density is cooled to temperatures very close to Absolute Zero (0 K or -273.15 °C)