BIO 400 FINAL

Analogous structures (convergent evolution)

When very different animals look similar but are distant; insects have wings, bats have wings

homologous structures

similar structures that related species have inherited from a common ancestor

vestigial structures

Are little or no importance to organism, but remain from an ancestor.

embryological evidence for evolution

The embryos of vertebrates have similar stages of development and have similar structures during these stages.

Biochemical Evidence for Evolution

Sequence of amino acids, similar proteins, similar DNA in various forms of life demonstrates relationships. The closer a group of animals or plants are, the more amino acids, proteins, DNA they have in common.

Fossil Evidence for Evolution

looking at historical organisms for change and similarities to present day organisms

Larmarck's Theory of Evolution

Animals develop structures and organs they need to adapt to the environment

These structures and organs are passed on to its offspring

Use IT or Lose IT

Darwin's Theory of Evolution

all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce.

Variations in population

Arise by chance but the ones with better adaptations have better survival and their genes are carried on

Overproduction of offspring

produce more offspring that can survive

competition

the struggle between organisms to survive in a habitat with limited resources

Adaptation

inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival

Speciation

the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.

allopatric speciation

the process of speciation that occurs with geographic isolation

sympatric speciation

The formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area

temporal speciation

reproducing at different times; pollinating on different days

mechanical isolation

mating is attempted, but morphological differences prevent its successful completion

gametic isolation

Sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize eggs of another species

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

condition that occurs when the frequency of alleles in a particular gene pool remain constant over time

p (in hardy-weinberg)

frequency of dominant allele

p2 (Hardy Weinberg)

frequency of homozygous dominant

2pq

frequency of heterozygous genotype

q (in hardy-weinberg)

frequency of recessive allele

q2 in Hardy-Weinberg

frequency of homozygous recessive genotype

artificial selection

Breeding organisms with specific traits in order to produce offspring with identical traits.

sexual selection

when individuals select mates based on heritable traits

behavioral isolation

isolation between populations due to differences in courtship or mating behavior

Lyell, Hutton - influences on Darwin?

Geologists who said the world was old and slowly, but constantly changing

directional selection

occurs when natural selection favors one of the extreme variations of a trait

disruptive selection

favors individuals at both extremes of the phenotypic range

stabilizing selection

Natural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes

phylogenetic tree (cladogram)

a diagram that depicts the ancestral relationships between organisms

Dichotomous key (classification key)

Classification tool used in identifying organisms or materials

genetic drift

random change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations

gene flow (migration)

movement of alleles from one population to another

Phylum

Group of closely related classes

Bacteria Domain Characteristics

Prokaryote and live in regular environments

Archaebacteria Domain Characteristics

Prokaryote and live in EXTREME environments

genus-species name

The unique two-word name of a particular organism.

Levels of classification (largest to smallest)

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

habitat isolation

Two species encounter each other rarely, or not at all, because they occupy different habitats, even though not isolated by physical barriers

Phylum

in classification, a group of closely related classes

binomial nomenclature

Classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name

Cell cycle

– Ordered process of cell growth and division

Interphase

– Cell growth and DNA replication phase

G1 phase

– Cell growth and normal function phase

S phase

– DNA replication phase

G2 phase

– Preparation for mitosis

M phase

– Mitosis + cytokinesis

Mitosis

– Division of nucleus producing identical cells

Cytokinesis

– Division of cytoplasm

Binary fission

– Prokaryotic cell division

Chromatin

– Uncondensed DNA

Chromosome

– Condensed DNA

Sister chromatids

– Identical DNA copies

Centromere

– Region joining chromatids

Centrosome

– Spindle organizing structure

Spindle

– Microtubules that separate chromosomes

Cleavage furrow

– Animal cell splitting

Cell plate

– Plant cell division structure

Cancer

– Uncontrolled cell division

Tumor

– Mass of abnormal cells

Benign tumor

– Non cancerous tumor

Malignant tumor

– Cancerous tumor

Metastasis

– Spread of cancer cells

Anchorage dependence

– Cells must attach to divide

Density dependent inhibition

Cells stop dividing when crowded

What is the cell cycle?

– The process of cell growth, DNA replication, and division

What happens in S phase?

– DNA is replicated

Why is mitosis important?

– It produces identical cells for growth and repair

What is binary fission?

– Prokaryotic cell division

What causes cancer?

– Loss of cell cycle control

What is cytokinesis?

– Division of cytoplasm

DNA

– Genetic material of organisms

RNA

– Molecule involved in protein synthesis

Double helix

– Twisted ladder shape of DNA

Nucleotide

DNA/RNA building block

Base pair

A-T or C-G

Replication

Copying DNA

Helicase

– Unzips DNA

DNA polymerase

– Builds new DNA strand

DNA ligase

– Joins DNA fragments

Transcription

DNA → RNA

Translation – RNA → Protein

RNA → Protein

mRNA

– Messenger RNA

tRNA

– Transfers amino acids

rRNA

– Makes up ribosomes

Codon

3 base mRNA code

Anticodon

– Matching tRNA sequence

Amino acid

– Protein building block

Polypeptide

– Chain of amino acids

Mutation

– DNA change

Insertion –

Extra base added

Deletion

– Base removed

Frameshift mutation

– Reading frame shift

Missense mutation

– Amino acid change

Nonsense mutation

– Stop codon created

Silent mutation

– No effect change

What is DNA? –

Genetic material that stores instructions for life

What is transcription?

– DNA is used to make mRNA