social

establishment

1964-74: only 29 MPs elected female

4.5% of elected MPs

feminine mystique- book by friedan

• prevailing belief that women should be fulfilled from housework,should not want to work get an education or have political opinions

• friedan argues society was wrong on these matters and women need to campaign for equality

family planning act- 1967

• made contraception readily available through NHS by enabling local health authorities to provide advice

• Edwin Brookes MP introduced into house of commons as private member bill

• identified social problem low income groups at risk of economic struggle by having more children than they could afford

jermaine greer

believed achieving true freedom meant asserting uniquely female difference and insisting on it as a condition of self-definition and self-determination

equal pay (1970)

• gives an individual right to some contractual pay and benefits as a person in the same employment

• discrimination and equality still existed

role of women improved

• labour saving devices meant more time in home

• increase in education and access to higher education

• increase in availability of jobs for women

• greater family planning

• easier access to divorce

roleof women had no change

• devices advertised to women reinforced stereotypes

• once women gained degrees it was hard to find jobs in profession

• women still expected to do housework and look after children'

• lack of economic independance

women in higher education

women only accounted for 28% of students in higher education and only 5% reached managerial posts

matrimonial property act (1970)

work of the wife whether it be at home or in the work place should be considered within divorce settlement

Liberal society

open to new ideas for progress and tolerant of the ideas and behaviours of others

Permissive society

excessive freedom of behaviour, allowing people to get away with that little bit more

Roy Jenkins mp

1965-67: Home Secretary

1967-70: chancellor, supported devaluation- raised taxes, tightened up government

1974-76: Home Secretary

Private members bills

1960s-back bench mps putting forward own law proposals

Divorce act (1969)

• Granted if: couples lived apart for two years apart and both sides agreed or lived apart for five years and one side agreed

Homosexual reforms

• 1960- 2 years imprisonment for being gay

• Leo abuse supported by Jenkins

• Decriminalised homosexuality as long as both parties were over 21, in private and with consent

Impact of backstreet abortion

• Backstreet abortions high- up to 200,000 performed annually

• 35,000 women needed hospital treatment

• 1958-60: 82 women died

Abortive act (1967)

Allowed for termination up to 28 weeks with 2 doctors consenting

Abortion rates

1968: 35,000

1975: 141,000

Education reforms

• Comprehensive schools all to attend and sit exams on their ability

• education secretary tony ben promoted schools because britian lagged behinf europe

• 1966-government offered money for new comprehensive schools

education reforms- number of comp schools

1970: 1145 comprehensive schools

attended by 1 in 3 of the population of age

anti hanging campaigners

1955: campaigners gained boost after case of Ruth Ellis murdered her abusive boyfriend and was hanged

death penalty abolished

1965: 5 year trial allowed to prevent the death sentence

1969: made permanent

• jenkins allowed majority rule on jury

• jenkins ended beating of prisoners

open university reform

• opportunity to gain a degree in the arts and scienc, regardless of background

• allowed anyone to attend as learning was completed from a distance with support from TV and radio programs

• 1969:jennie lee in charge of project

number of open university students (1980)

70,000 students

number of schools (1968)

• 30 polytechnics

• 56 universities

growth in number of television liscences

1950: 340,000

1975: 17,701,000

growth in TVs in population

1961: 75% of population had a TV

1971: 91% of population had a TV

director general of BBC 1960

hugh greene

money diverted from radio to TV

BBC2 launch

april 1964

july 1967: first channel to broadcast regular colour programmes

radio

• personal radios meant channels targeted at different audiences

• young people lisening to night broadcasts of pop on radio luxembourg

• 1964: pirate stations replaced by radio 1 with DJ tony blackburn

the sun launched

1964: replacing serious working class newspaper,the daily herald

1969: the sun bought by tycoon Rupert Murdoch

TV leisure time

accounted for 23% of leisure time

leisure activities

• DIY and gardening popular activities

• cookery, needlework and knittting combined with TV viewing

• live theatre decreased and football match attendance suffered

car ownership 1974

• increased because it was more affordable

• car accounts for 77% of journeys : increase from 39% in 1954

increase in holidays in totals

1951: 27 million

1971: 41 million

increase in holidays abroad

1951: 2 million

1971: 7 million

mary whitehouse

• life long campaign against permissive society -”tide of immorality and indecency”

• mainly aimed at BBC director general Hugh Greene

• 1964: led a “clean up tv” campaign

• 1965: launched association which had 100,000 members

• failed to make impact

drug culture

• 1960s: cocaine and heroine addiction became ten times more prevalent

• use of soft drugs

• hippy life style promoted free drug use and easier way of life

dangerous drug act (1967)

made it unlawful to possess drugs such as cocaine and canabiss

wooton report (1968)

suggested legalising soft drugss e.g canabiss but home secretary callaghan rejected idea

1970: maximum sentence for supplying drugs increased to 14 years

extent of change

1965: micheal schofield survey on sexual behaviour on youth concluded majority of young people were still virgins

1969: geoffery garer survey concluded same thing

mixture of ignorance and social constraint remained

youth culture

• growth of education and leisure time meant youth questioned the norm

• women could wear trousers, men velvet suits and brightley coloured clothing

• social divisions between class and sex slowly broke down

fashion

• 1963-beakthrough of bikinis

• 1960s- drainpipe jeans and capris- audrey hepburn

• casual fashion became more unisex-women wearing trousers

• 1964-miniskirt introduced

music

• group culture

• liverpool major centre-350 active bands

• british acts dominated both US and UK charts

• bands like the beatles and pink floyd

media

• 1963: doctor who launched, pioneering family viewing, appealing to broad audience

• top of the pops: teen focused audience, showcased big pop acts

• Thunderbirds: initially for children but popular among teenagers, cost £38,000 per episode

anti-vietnam protests

• summer 1965: lectures on vietnam at Oxford university and London school

vietnam solidary campaign (1966)

• 17th March 1968: violent scene- protesters gathered outside American embassy - 200 arrests

• october 1968: over 30,000 marching