Health and Movement Science Year 11 Core 2 - The body and mind in motion

These vocabulary flashcards cover the interrelationship between body systems (skeletal, muscular, respiratory, circulatory, digestive, and endocrine) and biomechanical principles influencing human movement.

Axial skeleton

Bones including the head, vertebrae, and rib cage that protect the vital organs of the human body.

Appendicular skeleton

Bones including the shoulder, pelvic girdle, and limbs (arms and legs) designed for movement.

Sesamoid bones

Small bones embedded within tendons, such as the patella, which increase the strength of joints.

Diaphysis

The shaft or long portion of a long bone.

Synovial joints

Highly moveable joints found where two bones meet, consisting of a joint capsule, synovial fluid, and supporting ligaments.

Meniscus

Inward-growing cartilage that absorbs shock and pressure while enhancing joint stability.

Bursae

Saclike structures strategically placed within joints to alleviate friction.

Sarcomere

The smallest structural unit of a muscle, containing thin actin filaments and thick myosin filaments.

Contractility

The property of skeletal muscles that allows them to shorten their length.

Muscle origin

The muscle-bone attachment that does not move, where contraction is directed toward this point.

Slow twitch fibres

Reddish muscle fibres suited for endurance activities that are fatigue-resistant and have high oxidative capacity.

Fast twitch glycolytic fibres

Whitish muscle fibres suited for power sports that produce greater maximal force and faster contraction speed but fatigue quickly.

Isotonic concentric contraction

A muscle contraction where the muscle gets shorter in length, such as lifting a weight toward the shoulder in a bicep curl.

Isometric contraction

A contraction where the muscle stays the same length while under pressure and tension, such as a wall sit or plank.

Agonist

The muscle involved in doing the work, also known as the primary mover.

Antagonist

The muscle that is passively relaxing or lengthening during a movement.

Kinematics

The study of objects in motion and how technique adjustments can increase the efficiency of motion.

Angular motion

The movement of the body or an object around a curved path or fixed axis, such as a joint.

Velocity

The speed of an object in a given direction, calculated as displacement divided by time.

Momentum

A measure of the quantity of motion an object has, determined by its mass and velocity.

Centre of Gravity (CoG)

A hypothetical point where all of the body's mass is equally concentrated.

Line of Gravity (LoG)

An imaginary line drawn vertically down from the Centre of Gravity to the ground.

Drag

An oppositional force that acts against the movement of an object through a fluid like air or water.

Magnus Force Effect

The phenomenon where a spinning ball deviates from its original path due to uneven surface drag and pressure differences.

Summation of force

The coordination of multiple internal forces from different muscles to produce a maximal external force.

Alveoli

Small sacs of air in the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide cross semipermeable membranes during gaseous exchange.

Plasma

The liquid transport medium making up $55\,\%$ of blood volume that carries nutrients, wastes, hormones, and enzymes.

Hemoglobin

An oxygen-carrying protein found in red blood cells (erythrocytes) specialized for oxygen transport.

Systemic circulatory system

The system that carries oxygenated blood and nutrients to body tissues and removes carbon dioxide and wastes.

Pulmonary circulatory system

The system that carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for gas exchange.

Aerobic respiration

The process of producing energy represented by the equation: $\text{Glucose} (C_{6}H_{12}O_{6}) + \text{Oxygen} (O_{2}) \rightarrow \text{Carbon dioxide} (CO_{2}) + \text{Water} (H_{2}O) + \text{ENERGY (ATP)}$.

Chyme

The substance created in the stomach when food is broken down by acids and muscular movements.

Villi

Small projections of tissue along the small intestine with semipermeable membranes and capillaries for nutrient absorption.

Homeostasis

The state of steady internal balance across all body systems maintained by the endocrine system.

Hypothalamus

The master regulator of the endocrine system that receives chemical communication to stimulate the function of other glands.

Glucagon

A hormone produced by the pancreas that triggers the breakdown of stored glycogen into usable glucose.

Cortisol

A hormone increased by stress that can lead to increased risk of diabetes, heart disease, and decreased musculature.