bio final

What makes a molecule organic?

carbon and hydrogen

What are the life processes?

nutrition, growth and repair, excretion, reproduction, regulation, respiration, movement, transport

10 organ systems?

Nervous, cardiovascular, digestive, skeletal, muscular, endocrine, respiratory, excretory, reproductive, immune

4 macromolecules of life

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

carb monomer

simple sugars

protein monomer

amino acids

nucleic acid monomer

nucleotides

lipids monomer

3 fatty acids and glycerol

nucleic acid function

making and operating cells and entire body

protein function

part of cell membranes, act as enzymes, vital for immune systems

lipids function

long term energy source

carbohydrate function

broken down for simple energy

dehydration synthesis

loses water and builds bonds

hydrolysis

polymers separate when water is added

polarity

one end negative one end positive

cohesion

causes water molecules to be drawn together

surface tension

allows water droplets to form.

adhesion

causes water to cling to surfaces

capillary action

the reason why water is able to climb through a plant root

high specific heat

allows water to absorb a lot of heat before getting hot

lower density as a solid

as volume increases, density decreases so ice floats

ph scale

from acidic to basic

Acids have.....

lots of hydrogen ions - H+

Bases have....

lots of hydroxide ions - OH-

more protons than electrons -

hydrogen ion - H+

more electrons than protons

hydroxide ion - OH-

nucleus contains...

protons and neutrons

cell theory

all living thing made of cells, basic unit of structure in all living things, all cells produced from other cells

all cells have...

cell membrane, ribosome, cytoplasm, genetic material

cell membrane

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.

Golgi apparatus

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

nucleus

Control center of the cell

mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

vacuoles

Stores food, water, wastes, and other materials

cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

ribosomes

Makes proteins

smooth er

ER that has no ribosomes

rough er

ER that is dotted with ribosomes

Chloroplast

Site of photosynthesis

concentration gradient

high to low

passive transport

diffusion and facilitated diffusion

active transport

requires energy - low to high concentration

facilitated diffusion uses....

transport protein

autotrophs

producers

heterotrophs

consumers

Photosynthesis equation

C02 + H20 + SUNLIGHT \= C6H12O6 + O2

Where do light reactions occur?

thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast

Where do dark reactions occur?

stroma of the chloroplast

What do light reactions produce?

ATP, NADPH, oxygen

NADPH

electron carrier that fuels calvin cycle

what do dark reactions produce?

C6H12O6

NADP+

final electron acceptor in photosynthesis, accepts 2 high energy electrons and hydrogen ion

ADP

converted to atp

Where does aerobic respiration happen?

matrix

Where does anaerobic respiration occur?

cytoplasm

atp structure

adenine, ribose, 3 phosphate groups

aerobic respiration equation

glucose + oxygen --\> carbon dioxide + water + ATP

aerobic respiration 3 parts

glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain

what does glycolysis produce?

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP

how much atp does aerobic respiration produce?

36 ATP

frameshift

insertion or deletion

zygote

A fertilized egg cell containing the full set of chromosomes

independent assortment

homologous pairs split from diploids to haploids

Recombination (crossing over)

some genes on chromosomes are swapped to increase variation

If variation increases...

chances of survival increases

evidence for evolution

fossil record, anatomical record, comparative embryology, molecular record