variation

Range

Difference between the maximum and minimum value.

Variance

The average of the squared distances of values from the mean.

Population Variance (σ²)

Variance calculated when all values from the entire population are available.

Sample Variance

Calculated in the same way as population variance except the denominator is n - 1.

Standard Deviation (s)

The square root of variance, providing a measure of variation in the same units as the original observations.

Coefficient of Variation (CV)

A unit-free measurement of variation that allows comparison of different datasets.

Five Number Summary

A summary consisting of minimum, first quartile (Q1), median, third quartile (Q3), and maximum.

Interquartile Range (IQR)

The difference between the third and first quartiles (Q3 - Q1), a measure of statistical dispersion.

Outliers

Data points that significantly deviate from other observations in a dataset.

Resistance

The ability of a statistical measure to not be affected by extreme values or outliers.