TAMU SOCI 205 Exam 3

social stratification

the division of society into groups arranged in social hierarchy

social inequality

the unequal distribution of wealth, power, or prestige among members of a society

slavery

the most extreme form of social stratification and is based on the legal ownership of people

caste system

form of social stratification in which status is determined by one's family history and background and cannot be changed

social class

system of stratification based on access to resources such as wealth, property, power, and prestige

class tends to evoke

an association with money

socioeconoic status (SES)

belonging to a certain social class has profound consequences for individuals in all areas of life, including family, health, education, work and income, and criminal justice

virtually every aspect of your life is intertwined with your

socioeconomic status

life chances

a probablistic concept describing probable outcomes for individual's life given structural situations

intersectionality

a concept that identifies how different identities (e.g. class, race, and gender) intersect

intersectionality is about

intersecting forms of oppression; always about power and how different forms of power intersect

social mobility

the movement of individuals or groups within the hierarchical system of social classes

horizontal social mobility

refers to the changing of jobs within a social class

vertical social mobility

movement up or down the social ladder

structural mobility

occurs when large numbers of people move up or down the social ladder because of structural changed in society as a whole; large groups of people move because of social change as a whole

example of structural mobility

roaring 20's; pandemic

intergenerational mobility

refers to the movement that occurs from one generation to the next

example of intergenerational mobility

grandma and grandpa work hard because they're lower class, put their children through school and their children are able to be middle class, and if trend continues the grandchildren would be able to achieve upper-middle class

intragenerational mobility

refers to movement that occurs during the course of an individual's lifetime

example of intragenerational mobility

grandpa didn't have running water or electricity until college, by the time he retired he was a VP at chevron

poverty

in the US, the federal poverty line is frequently used to determine who should be categorized as poor

unemployed

most people living in poverty are not _____

absolute deprivation

an objective measure of poverty that is defined by the inability to meet minimal standards for food, shelter, clothing, or health care

relative deprivation

a relational measure of poverty based on the standards of living

"Culture of Poverty"

refers to a belief in learned attitudes that can develop among poor communities and lead poor people to accept tehri fate than attempt to improve their situation

conflict perspective on poverty

Karl Marx believed that there were two main social classes in capitalist societies; believed the classes would remain divided and social inequality would grow

symbolic interactionist perspective on poverty

Weber argued that class status was made of three components

privlege/wealth

is a measure of net worth that includes income, property, and other assets

power

the ability to impose one's will on others

prestige

the social honor people are given because of their membership in well-regarded social groups

Most powerful people in society tend to have al 3:

privilege, power, prestige

functionalist perspective of poverty

functionalism suggests the stratification that has emerged is functional to society in many ways

incentive

certain roles are more important for the functioning of society and these roles and may be more difficult to fill, so more ____ is needed

social

crime is not only an individual phenomenon, but a _____ one

committing crime

individuals commit crime but social backgrounds significantly influence their behavior and the likelihood of _____ _____

crime

violation of written law; can be "harmless" or "criminal"

deviance

violation of norms

crime and deviance

relative to space and time

criminology

the scientific study of the making of laws, the breaking of laws, and society's reaction to the breaking of laws

biology; psychology

____ and ____ can't explain why multiple crime rates differ

Emilie Durkheim

thought crime was functional

mechanical solidarity

simple division of labor, high collective conscience

organic solidarity

complex division of labor, lower collective conscience

collective conscience

the degree to which individuals of a society share similarities, especially in values

high collective conscience =

low crime

anomie

humans have limitless greed

Merton's Strain Theory

the American dream; strain; adaptations

the American dream

the ability to achieve financial success thru hard work

strain

when one experiences an imbalance between cultural goals and the institutionalized means; to concerned with financial success, and not how they got there

conflict perspective on crime and deviance

marxist, conflict, macro

marxist

power is rooted in economy and capitalist system; tend to advocate for overthrow of capitalist system

conflict

power can be found and defined more easy; argue for reform less radical then revolution

macro

focus on how laws benefit one group over another

labeling theory (conflict perspective on crime and deviance)

criminal/deviant is a status imposed on an individual or group that may or may not be related to actual "rule-breaking"; it is the reaction, not necessarily the behavior

labels

power is a key determinant in when and how ____ are applied

stereotype threat

socially premised psychological threat that arises when one is in a situation or doing something for which a negative stereotype about one's group applies

stereotype promise

positive stereotypes about minority groups that can lead to positive outcomes

social bonds theory

Hirschi claimed that the stronger a person is bonded to conventional society, the less prone they are to engaging in crime

types of bonds

attachment, commitment, involvement, belief

attachment

affectionate bonds between an individual and their significant others; most important

commitment

"stake in conformity"; how much you have at stake if you fail to conform, if you deviate

chronic offenders

offend again and again, never conform; can be explained by stake in conformity

involvement

time spent in conventional activities

belief

moral beliefs

drift

most criminals are still partially committed to the dominant social order and "drift" between the two ways of life

techniques of neutralization

denial of responsibility; denial of injury; denial of victim; condemnation of the condemners; appeal to higher loyalties

denial of responsibility

"it's not my fault"

denial of injury

"no harm, no foul"

denial of victim

"they deserved it, they had it coming"

condemnation of the condemners

"who are you to judge?'

appeal to higher loyalties

"____ is more important than the law"

Purpose of Criminal Sanctions

restraint/incapacitation; individual/ specific deterrence; general deterrence; retribution; reform/ rehabilitation; restitution/ compensation; moral affirmation/ symbolism

restraint/ incapacitation

punishment of prison or jail, keep from society

individual/ specific deterrence

stop and learn rom your mistakes, juvenile

general deterrence

use if punishment to make an example of them

retribution

an eye for an eye, getting even, death penalty

reform/ rehabilitation

get someone to be a law abiding citizen, counseling

restitution/ compensation

when you commit a crime, there's a cost

moral affirmation/ symbolism

reminds us of what's good and what's bad