respiratory system learning objectives

general functions of respiratory system

brings oxygen into body

expels carbon dioxide

produces vocal sounds

helps w/ sense of smell

helps regulate blood pH

why is oxygen required at cellular level ?

used for ATP production

upper respiratory tract

nose(septum, palate)

upper respiratory tract

nasal cavity(superior, inferior, nasal conchae)

upper respiratory tract

sinuses

upper respiratory tract

pharynx

upper respiratory tract

larynx

lower respiratory tract

trachea

lower respiratory tract

bronchial tree

lower respiratory tract

lungs

how does the nose and nasal cavity filter incoming air ?

the nose hair prevents large particles from entering and the sticky mucus secreted by mucous membrane traps dust and small particles

b

frontal sinus

e

sphenoidal sinus

ethmoid sinus

maxillary sinus

how does a sinus headache occur?

inflamed and swollen mucous membrane blocking mucus secretions from draining

where is the nasopharynx posterior to?

nasal cavity

ventilation

movement of air from outside the body into bronchial tree and alveoli followed by the reversal

external respiration

allows gas exchange in lungs between alveoli and blood

internal respiration

gas transport in blood and exchange with body cells

cellular respiration

process of ATP production in mitochondria, which uses oxygen to help produce energy and gives off carbon dioxide

nose function

air entering and leaving nasal cavity

nasal septum function

seperates the nasal cavity into 2 parts

nasal conchae functions

create turbulance

support mucus membrane

increase mucous membrane surface area

sinus function

reduces weight of skull

produces voice sound

pharynx function

passageway for food moving from oral cavity to the esophagus and air passing from nasal cavity to larynx

larynx function

passageway for air moving in and out of trachea and prevents foreign object from entering the trachea

trachea function

lined with ciliated mucous membrane with goblet cells that cleans incoming air and moves entrapped particles to the pharynx

bronchial tree function

carries air b/w the trachea and alveoli of the lungs

lungs function

site of gas exchange b/w the air in the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary circuit

commincates with nasal cavity and provides a passageway for air during breathing

nasopharynx

passageway for food moving downward from mouth and air moving to and from nasal cavity

oropharynx

contnuous with esophagus and larynx

laryngopharynx

connects pharynx with middle ears

auditory eustachian tube

shieldlike structure that is in front of the neck aka adam’s apple

thyroid cartilage

ringlike cartilage marking end of larynx

cricoid cartilage

only laryngeal cartilage that is elastic, part of epiglottis which prevents food from entering the airway tubes

epiglottic cartilage

how do vocal cord produce sound?

a force of air passing over the vocal cords

glottis

why is edema of the vocal cords dangerous?

vocal cords swell from fluid accumulation and creates trouble breathing, lost voice

trachea

flexible cylindrical tube about 2.5 cm in diameter and 12.5 cm in length

c shaped cartilages

prevent trachea from collapsing and blocking the airway

difference b/w left and right main bronchus

two bronchi on the left and three bronchi on the right

primary bronchus

alveoli

lung location

thoracic cavity suspended by a bronchus and some large blood vessels

hilium

depression where blood vessels, nerves, and other structures enter an organ

visceral pleura

inner layer of serous membrane attached to surface of lung

parietal pleura

outer layer of serous membrane that lines thoracic cavity

pleural cavity

potential space b/w visceral and parietal pleura

serous fluid

lubricates the adjacent pleural surfaces, reducing friction as they move against one another during breathing

what substance makes of the lung?

connective tissue and alveoli

what’s the difference b/w the left and right lung

right lung is larger and has three parts

left lung is divided into two

boyle’s gas law

pressure and volume of gases are inversely proportional

tidal volume

500 mL - volume of air moved in or out of the lungs during a respiratory cycle

inspiratory reserve volume

3,000 mL - maximum additional volume of air that can be inhaled at the end of a resting inspiration

expiratory reserve volume

1,100 mL maximum additional volume of air that can be exhaled at the end of a resting expiration

residual volume

1,200 mL volume of air that remains in the lungs even after a maximal expiratory effort

vital capacity

4,600 mL maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after taking the deepest breath possible (VC = TV + IRV + ERV)

total lung capacity

5,800 mL total volume of air that the lungs can hold (TLC = VC + RV

respiratory center location

medulla and pons

respiratory membrane

gas exchange b/w alveolar air and the blood occurs through this membrane which consists of alveolar wall and blood capillary wall

respiratory mucosa

ciliated mucous membrane primarily consisting of pseudostratified columnar