Psych exam 3

10,11,12,13

affirmative consent

The assurance that all parties engaging in a sexual encounter are informed, autonomous, and otherwise capable of making a valid choice regarding engaging in sexual activity.

assortative mating

Theory stating that people find partners based on their similarity to each other.

abusive relationship

Relationships in which one person becomes aggressive toward the partner.

battered spouse syndrome

Situation occurring when a spouse or partner believes that they cannot leave the abusive situation and may even go so far as to kill their abuser.

cohabitation

People in committed, intimate, sexual relationships who live together but are not married.

marital success

Umbrella term referring to any marital outcome.

marital quality

Subjective evaluation of the couple’s relationship on a number of different dimensions.

marital adjustment

Degree to which spouses accommodate each other over a certain period of time.

marital satisfaction

Global assessment of one’s marriage.

homogamy

Similarity of values and interests.

exchange theory

Relationship, such as marriage, based on each partner contributing something to the relationship that the other would be hard pressed to provide.

vulnerability–stress–adaptation model

Model that proposes that marital quality is a dynamic process resulting from the couple’s ability to handle stressful events in the context of their particular vulnerabilities and resources.

nuclear family

Most common form of family in Western societies, consisting only of parent(s) and child(ren).

extended family

Most common form of family around the world; one in which grandparents and other relatives live with parents and children.

familism

Idea that the family’s well-being takes precedence over the concerns of individual family members.

collaborative divorce

Voluntary, contractually based alternative dispute resolution process for couples who want to negotiate a resolution of their situation rather than have a ruling imposed on them by a court or an arbitrator.

meaning-mission fit

alignment between an organization’s mission and their employees that provides a richer, more supportive environment for their employees’ happiness, job satisfaction, and emotional well-being

career construction theory

posits that people build careers through their own actions that result from the interface of their own personal characteristics and the social context

social cognitive career theory (SCCT)

proposes career choice is a result of the application of Bandura’s social cognitive theory, especially the concept of self-efficacy

vocational maturity

degree of congruence between people’s occupational behavior and what is expected of them at different ages

employability skills mapping

a way to help people identify job skills that are in demand with the skills they have and can demonstrate, and how to acquire them if they have gaps

reality shock

situation in which what you learn in the classroom does not always transfer directly into the “real world” and does not represent all you need to know

mentor

a person who is part teacher, sponsor, model, and counselor who facilitates on-the job learning to help a new hire do the work required in their present role and to prepare for future roles

developmental or executive coach

individual who helps a person focus on their goals, motivations, and aspirations to help them achieve focus and apply them appropriately

reverse mentoring

occurs when a more senior, experienced professional is paired with a colleague who may vary in experience, background, or perspective such that the senior professional becomes the mentee and the other professional serves as the mentor

reciprocal mentoring

occurs when each member of the pair switch roles from time to time depending on the situation

micro-mentoring

occurs when a more knowledgeable or experienced worker serves as a mentor on a specific task

job satisfaction

positive feeling that results from an appraisal of one’s work

psychological capital theory

notion that having a positive outlook improves processes and outcomes

alienation

situation in which workers feel what they are doing is meaningless and their efforts are devalued, or when they do not see the connection between what they do and the final product

burnout

a state of emotional, physical, and mental exhaustion caused by excessive and prolonged stress

passion

a strong inclination toward an activity that individuals like (or even love), that they value (and thus find important), and in which they invest time and energy

gender discrimination

denying a job to someone solely on the basis of the person’s gender

glass ceiling

the level to which women may rise in an organization but beyond which they may not go

glass cliff

situation in which a woman is put into a leadership position because an organization is in a precarious situation

age discrimination

denying a job or a promotion to a person solely on the basis of age

boomerang employees

individuals who terminate employment at one point in time but return to work in the same organization at a future time

career plateauing

situation occurring when there is a lack of challenge in the job or promotional opportunity in the organization or when a person decides not to seek advancement

backup care

emergency care for dependent children or adults so the employee does not need to lose a day of work

work–family conflict

the feeling of being pulled in multiple directions by incompatible demands from job and family

leisure

a discretionary activity that includes simple relaxation, activities for enjoyment, and creative pursuits

emerging adulthood

period between late teens and mid- to late 20s when individuals are not adolescents but are not yet fully adults

established adulthood

period between roughly ages 30 and 45 when life is most intense, demanding, and perhaps rewarding

role transition

movement into the next stage of development marked by assumption of new responsibilities and duties

rites of passage

rituals marking initiation into adulthood

edgework

the desire to live life more on the edge through physically and emotionally threatening situations on the boundary between life and death

returning adult students

college students over age 25

intimacy versus isolation

sixth stage in Erikson’s theory and the major psychosocial task for emerging adults

binge drinking

a pattern of drinking that brings a person’s blood alcohol concentration (BAC) to 0.08 g/dl or above, which typically happens when men consume 5 or more drinks or women consume 4 or more drinks in about 2 hours

alcohol use disorder

drinking pattern that results in significant and recurrent consequences that reflect loss of reliable control over alcohol use

metabolism

how much energy the body needs

low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)

chemicals that cause fatty deposits to accumulate in arteries, impeding blood flow

very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)

chemicals that mainly carry triglycerides, the most common type of fat in your body

high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

chemicals that help keep arteries clear and break down LDLs

multidimensional

characteristic of theories of intelligence that identify several types of intellectual abilities

multidirectionality

developmental pattern in which some aspects of intelligence improve and other aspects decline

interindividual variability

patterns of change that vary from one person to another

plasticity

concept that intellectual abilities are not fixed, but can be modified under the right conditions at just about any point in adulthood

structure of intelligence

the organization of interrelated intellectual abilities

factor

the interrelated abilities measured by two tests if the performance on one test is highly related to the performance on another

primary mental abilities

groups of related intellectual skills (such as memory or spatial ability)

secondary mental abilities

broader intellectual skills that subsume and organize the primary abilities

fluid intelligence

abilities that make you a flexible and adaptive thinker, allow you to make inferences, and enable you to understand the relations among concepts

crystallized intelligence

the knowledge you have acquired through life experience and education in a particular culture

parieto-frontal integration theory (P-FIT)

theory that proposes that intelligence comes from a distributed and integrated network of neurons in the parietal and frontal lobes of the brain

neural efficiency hypothesis

states intelligent people process information more efficiently, showing weaker neural activations in a smaller number of areas than less intelligent people

postformal thought

thinking characterized by recognizing that the correct answer varies from one situation to another, that solutions should be realistic, that ambiguity and contradiction are typical, that subjective factors play a role in thinking, and principled thinking eventually results from careful analysis

reflective judgment

way adults reason through real-life dilemmas

emotional intelligence (EI)

the ability to recognize one’s own and others’ emotions, to correctly identify and appropriately tell the difference between emotions, and to use this information to guide thinking and behavior

impression formation

the way we form and revise first impressions about others

life-span construct

unified sense of the past, present, and future based on personal experience and input from other people

social clock

tagging future events with a particular time or age by which they are to be completed

life story

an internalized narrative with a beginning, a middle, and an anticipated ending

possible selves

representations of what we could become, what we would like to become, and what we are afraid of becoming

personal control beliefs

the degree to which you believe your performance in a situation depends on something you do

primary control

behavior aimed at affecting the individual’s external world

secondary control

behavior or cognition aimed at affecting the individual’s internal world

scenario

is a manifestation of the life-span construct through expectations about the future; it takes aspects of a person’s identity that are particularly important now and projects them into a future plan.