Type 1 vs. Type 2 Diabetes

What causes the onset of Type 1 Diabetes?

autoimmune attack on the pancreas that destroys beta cells and stops insulin production, causes glucose to accumulate in the blood

What causes the onset of Type 2 Diabetes?

insulin resistance, low insulin production resulting in high blood sugar, often a result of lifestyle factors

How does Type 1 develop?

the symptoms of Type 1 appear over weeks to months, classically develops in teens, young adults, children

How does Type 2 develop?

the symptoms of Type 2 appear over years, preceded by visceral adiposity and prediabetes, many are asymptomatic and diagnosed via labs

What is pathway of Type 1?

genetic risk/autoantibodies, silent beta cell destruction, rapid insulin deficiency, symptoms and/or DKA (ex: thirst, polyuria, weight loss, fatigue, vomiting)

What is pathway of Type 2?

insulin resistance, compensatory hyperinsulinemia, prediabetes, progressive beta cell failure, can evolve silently for years

What are treatment options for Type 1?

only treatment for Type 1 is insulin therapy

What are treatment options for Type 2?

Type 2 can be treated with lifestyle changes, non-insulin agents (metformin, GLP-1, GIP-GLP-1, SGLT2 inhibitors), sometimes insulin therapy

How do GLP-1 receptor agonists function?

mimics GLP-1 hormone to activate GLP-1 receptors, increase insulin secretion, suppress glucagon release, increase satiety, slow gastric emptying

How does the metformin AMPK pathway function?

metformin activates AMPK, decreased liver glucose production, decreases intestinal glucose absorption, improves insulin sensitivity by increasing glucose uptake

What is the mechanism of SGLT2 inhibitors?

lowers blood sugar by blocking the Sodium-Glucose co-transporter 2 in the kidney, preventing glucose reabsorption, induces glucosuria (glucose in urine) and natriuresis (sodium in urine), leading to weight loss