Unit 5 Anatomy & Physiology

nerve that relates to sense of smell

Olfactory

loss of smells, aging or blunt trauman

Anosmia

Nerve that relates to vision

Optic

basic test for visual acuity

Snellen Chart

Nerve that construct pupils and moves eyes and eyelids

Oculomotor

Nerve that controls superior oblique muscle

Trochlear

Nerve mastication and sensory for head and neck

Trigeminal

nerve that relates to Lateral eye movement

Abducens

nerve that relateios to facial expressions , sensory around ear and anteriar 2/3 of tonge

Facial

nerve that relates to hearing and balance

Vesitbulocochlear

vibration through ossicls is good

cinductive hearing

nerve that relates to taste of posterior 1/3 of tongue, salivation of tongue

Glossopharyngeal

nerve that relates to muscles in pharynx and larynx, parasympathetic signal to neck, thorax, and abdomen, and sensory of throat

Vagus

nerve that relates to trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles

Spinal Accessory

control the extrinsic muscle of the tongue and lower throat

Hypoglossal

the sensory receptors control pain and temperature

Free nerve endings

these sensory receptors control pressure and touch

Encapsulated endings

these sensory receptoors control photoreceptors

Specialized Receptor Cell

This receptor is located near stimulus

Exteroceptor

This sensory receptor relates to the internal organs

Interceptor

This receptor is near the moving body part

Proprioceptor

The receptor is a chemical stimuli

Chemoreceptor

This receptor solute concentrations

Osmoreceptors

This receptor is a physical stimuli/ sound/balance

Mechanoreceptor

This receptor relates to pain

Nociceptor

This receptor relates to temperature

Thermoreceptor

This receptor relates to rods and cones for vision

Photoreceptor

Sensory Modalities that is distributed throughout the body

General Sense

Sensory Modality that is has a specific organ dedicated to it

Special Sense

refers to how information is encoded

Modality

gustation that allows us to dissolve glucose and relates to g protein coupled receptoprs

Sweet

Gustation Receptor that has perception of sodium in saliva

Salty

Gustation that has hydrogen ion perception

Sour

Gustation that is related to G - Protein coupled receptors and depolarize or hyperpolarize

Bitter

Gustation that has G - Protein receptors and L - glutamate

Umami

Gustation within papillae, gustatory receptor cells, supporting cells, and basal cells

Taste buds

an eye vision problem when the eyeball is short, light focuses after the retina (farsightedness)

Hyperopia

Eye vision problem where the eyeball is long, light focuses before retina (nearsightedness)

Myopia

Eye vision problem where the eye does not focus on the same spot (double vision)

Diplopia

Which type of signals are carried by cranial nerve X ( Vagus nerve)

• parasympathetic

• motor

• sensory

nerve impulses from the autonomic nervous system (lowering heart rate, stimulating digestion, and controlling respiratory rate)

parasympathetic signals

Explain the function of cranial nerve VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve)

Hearing and Balance

What is umami taste and what does it detect?

• Savory

• L-glumate

Identify the function of cranial nerve VI (abducens nerve).

Lateral movement of the eye

Where are the ossicles located

Middle Ear

Name the 3 bones of the ossicles

• Malleus

• Incus

• Stapes

Why is the sense of smell unique in terms of thalamic processing

Its the only sensory system that does not synapse first in the thalamus

Which tissue type produces taste buds?

Epithelial Tissue

List three characteristics of olfactory neurons.

• bipolar

• Exposed to external environment

• Regenerative

Where are photoreceptors (rods and cones) located in the eye

Retina

Which part of the eye contains the highest concentration of cones?

Fovea Centralis

describe the function of cranial nerve II (optic nerve)

Vision

What is the role of the trigeminal nerve in mastication

• movement of the jaw muscles

• chewing

What is significant about the fovea centralis?

Color perception

What fluid is produced by the ciliary body

Aqueous Humor

What is the function of the Aqueous humor

nourishes the eye and maintains its pressure and structure

How many semicircular ducts are present in humans

3

Given an example of an exteroceptor

Photoreceptor

Classify Pacinian corpuscles

mechanoreceptors

What is the function of Pacinian corpuscles

sensing deep pressure and vibration

Explain how sound waves are amplified in the ear

tympanic membrane, ossicles, then oval windows

Where are tears produced

lacrimal gland

Describe the function of the Vagus nerve in relation to the thorax (chest) and abdomen

provides parasympathetic control to the organs

what is the function of the olfactory nerve

sense of smell

Which cranial nerves carry only afferent (sensory) signals

• olfactory

• optic

• vestibulocochlear

What causes the sensation of sour taste

detection of hydrogen ions

Explain the role of the iris in pupillary control

controls the size of the pupils and regulates how much light enters the eye

What is the function of the auditory (Eustachian) tube?

Allows air to enter or leave to equalize pressure

What are the classifications of nociceptors.

• Chemical

• Mechanical

• Thermal

• Polymodal

Explain how we perceive salty taste

detection of Sodium ions

Describe the path of light through the eye, starting with the first structure it encounters

Cornea, Aqueous Humor, Pupil, Lens, Vitreous Humor, Retina, Optic Nerve

What role does the trigeminal nerve play in facial sensation

allowing you to feel touch, pain, and temperature across most facial regions.

Which photoreceptors are responsible for color vision

Cones

Which cranial nerve controls taste in the anterior tongue?

facial

What is the role of the glossopharyngeal nerve in taste?

taste perception from the back part of the tongue

Explain the function of cranial nerve VIII in hearing

carries auditory signals from the cochlea to the brain

Explain how the tympanic membrane divides the ear

separates the external ear from the middle ear.

What is the role of the choroid in the eye

nourishes the retina

Where do the extrinsic eye muscles attach?

orbital bones to the sclera

What is anosmia and which nerve damage causes

• loss of smell

• olfactory

Where is perilymph found

bony labyrinth of the inner ear

What is the function of the perilymph -

• conducts sound vibrations

• supports hearing processes

What is the function of the hypoglossal nerve?

controls the movement of the tongue

Give an example of proprioceptors

Muscle spindles

Which nerve controls the superior oblique muscle?

Trochlear

What is the role of rods

• night vision

• sensitivity

• no colors

What is the role of cons

• daylight vision

• color

• sharp detail