BIOL 1543 Chapter 35 Smartbook

How were plant populations impacted by the extinction of wolves in Yellowstone National Park?

a) Without wolves, herbivore populations increased. This increase lead to a depletion of plant life

b) The loss of wolves lead to a loss of herbivores and an increase in plant populations

c) There was no change in plant populations with the extinction of wolves

Without wolves, herbivore populations increased. This increase lead to a depletion of plant life

An ecosystem possesses both _________ and _________ components.

biotic, abiotic

Nonliving aspects of an ecosystem such as average temperature and inorganic nutrients are called __________ components.

abiotic

The various populations that form a community are called the ___________ components of an ecosystem.

biotic

An outside ___________ source and inorganic nutrients are required by autotrophs.

energy

The extinction of __________ from Yellowstone National Park lead to an increase in herbivores, creating pressure on their food sources.

wolves

Organisms that produce food for themselves and others of the community are called ____________.

autotrophs

Which of the following has both living and nonliving components?

a) ecosystem

b) species

c) population

d) community

ecosystem

Autotrophs found in aquatic environments are commonly referred to as ____________.

algae

Select the abiotic components from the list below.

a) soil type

b) chemoautotrophs

c) inorganic nutrients

d) sunlight

e) water availability

f) average temperature

soil type, inorganic nutrients, sunlight, water availability, average temperature

Which of the following are considered to be chemoautotrophs?

a) various plants

b) certain bacteria

c) certain viruses

certain bacteria

Biotic components of an ecosystem are

a) only referring to the decomposers that break down organic materials

b) the various populations of species that form the community

c) nonliving components such as water availability and sunlight

the various populations of species that form the community

Which of the following need an outside source of organic nutrients?

a) plants

b) algae

c) heterotrophs

d) autotrophs

heterotrophs

____________ require only inorganic nutrients and an outside energy source to produce organic nutrients for their own use as food.

autotrophs

A heterotrophic organism that eats other living organisms is called a

a) decomposer

b) consumer

c) producer

consumer

Autotrophic organisms that make their own food are called

a) producers

b) heterotrophs

c) decomposers

producers

An organism that eats only plants is called a(n)

a) omnivore

b) carnivore

c) herbivore

herbivore

Photosynthetic organisms such as algae and plants are producers which are also called ______________.

autotrophs

Some bacteria that support communities at hydrothermal vents along deep-sea oceanic ridges are known as ___________ because they reduce carbon dioxide using inorganic compounds.

chemoautotrophs

An animal that feeds exclusively on other animals is called a(n) _______________.

carnivore

Also called a consumer, an organism that cannot produce its own organic nutrients is called a(n) ________________.

heterotroph

Hawks and snakes are ___________, while a rabbit is an herbivore.

carnivores

A fox is a carnivore and as such is considered to be a

a) producer

b) consumer

c) decomposer

consumer

A primary consumer in a food chain (a plant eater), like a rabbit, is called a(n) ______________.

herbivore

A consumer that feeds directly on plants and algae is called a(n) ________________.

herbivore

A heterotroph that feeds on both plant and animal matter is called a(n) _________________.

omnivore

An organism that breaks down dead materials in the environment is called a(n)

a) decomposer

b) herbivore

c) omnivore

d) carnivore

decomposer

An organism that feeds solely on other animals is called a(n)

a) omnivore

b) herbivore

c) carnivore

carnivore

Select all of the decomposers.

a) mushrooms

b) molds

c) heterotrophic bacteria

d) chipmunks

mushrooms, molds, heterotrophic bacteria

Select the carnivores from the selections below.

a) snakes

b) mushrooms

c) hawks

d) rabbits

snakes, hawks

Detritus is partially decomposed matter in the _________ or soil.

water

Which of the following organisms are the primary consumers of the producers?

a) decomposers

b) carnivores

c) herbivores

herbivores

An organism that feeds on plants and animals is called a(n)

a) omnivore

b) carnivore

c) herbivore

omnivore

Some beetles, earthworms, maggots, and termites are examples of soil _____________ in an ecosystem.

detritivores

A heterotroph that breaks down organic matter into inorganic nutrients that are recycled in the environment is called a(n) ______________.

decomposer

Heterotrophic bacteria, molds, and mushrooms are some examples of _______________ in an ecosystem.

decomposers

In the fundamental phenomena of ecosystems, ___________ cycle within an ecosystem, whereas ____________ flows through it.

nutrients, energy

Partially decomposed matter in soil and water that is eaten by earthworms, beetles, and other detrivores, is called ____________.

detritus

Select all of the soil detritivores in an ecosystem.

a) rabbits

b) maggots

c) earthworms

d) termites

maggots, earthworms, termites

According to the laws of thermodynamics, energy cannot be _____________ or destroyed and in every transformation, some energy is lost as __________.

created, heat

A diagram called a(n) _______________ shows interconnected paths of energy flow.

food web

In a grazing food web, caterpillars would be classified as

a) herbivores

b) carnivores

c) omnivores

herbivores

The second law of thermodynamics states that

a) energy is not lost during transformations

b) in every energy transformation, some energy is lost as heat

c) energy can be created but not destroyed

in every energy transformation, some energy is lost as heat

Diagrams that show a single path of energy flow are called food ___________.

chains

The interconnected paths of energy flow can be shown by a diagram called a ______.

a) food chain

b) food web

c) food pyramid

food web

A(n) ______________ food web involves organisms such as earthworms and beetles feeding on waste.

detrital

The following (leaves --> caterpillars--> sparrows --> hawks) represents a

a) detrital food chain

b) trophic chain

c) part of an ecological pyramid

d) grazing food chain

grazing food chain

A detrital food web could be connected to a(n) _____________ food web if the aboveground carnivores feed on the detritivores.

grazing

A food chain shows which of the following for an ecosystem?

a) a path of energy flow

b) a path to energy creation

c) a path of chemical cycling

a path of energy flow

A trophic _________ is composed of all of the organisms that feed at a particular link in a food ___________.

level, chain

If a herbivore consumes 500 kg of plant material, how much gets converted into the herbivore's body mass (generally speaking, according to the text)?

a) 5 kg

b) 10 kg

c) 500 kg

d) 50 kg

e) 100 kg

50 kg

Ecological __________ are sometimes used to depict the large energy losses that occur between successive trophic levels.

pyramids

A feeding level within a food web is also called a(n) ___________ level.

trophic

Ecological pyramids are one way to demonstrate

a) energy losses that occur between successive trophic levels

b) food webs and the interactions that occur within a food web

c) losses of trophic level biomass within a food chain

energy losses that occur between successive trophic levels

The _____ percent rule explains why a food web can only support a few carnivores.

ten

If a herbivore population consumes 1000 kg of plant material, only about 100 kg is converted into herbivore tissue, this concept of the "ten percent" rule can be represented by a(n)

a) inverted food pyramid

b) ecological pyramid

c) ecological succession

d) food web

ecological pyramid

Biomass can be calculated by multiplying the ___________ of organisms by their ____________.

number, weight

In terrestrial ecosystems producers have _________ biomass than the herbivores whereas in aquatic ecosystems producers have _________ biomass than herbivores.

more, less

Inverted ecological pyramids occur in aquatic systems because

a) producers have more biomass than the herbivores

b) there are more producers than herbivores

c) there are more carnivores than producers

d) herbivores have more biomass than the producers

herbivores have more biomass than the producers

In a biogeochemical cycle, organisms obtain chemicals from a(n) _____.

a) source

b) storage pool

c) exchange pool

d) reservoir

source, exchange pool, reservoir

___________ is the number of organisms multiplied by their weight.

biomass

A source from which organisms generally take chemicals, such as the soil or atmosphere is called a(n)

a) exchange pool

b) biogeochemical cycle

c) reservoir

d) biotic community

exchange pool

True or False? Typically, producers in a terrestrial ecosystem have a greater biomass than the herbivores.

true

A reservoir is a source of chemical elements normally unavailable to ______________.

producers

Which biogeochemical cycle is sedimentary?

a) nitrogen

b) phosphorus

c) carbon

phosphorus

In aquatic ecosystem where algae are the main producers, the herbivores may have a greater biomass than the producers, which causes the ecological _______________ to be inverted.

pyramid

A circulating pathway for elements that includes exchange pools, storage areas, and biotic communities is called a(n) ___________ cycle.

biogeochemical

A(n) _____________ pool is a source, such as the soil or atmosphere, from which organisms generally take chemicals.

exchange

A source of chemical elements normally unavailable to producers is referred to as a(n) ____________.

reservoir

Which of the biogeochemical cycles are gaseous?

a) nitrogen

b) phosphorus

c) carbon

nitrogen, carbon

Seabirds feed on fish from the ocean and deposit their guano on land which enables the phosphorus obtained by the fish to be transferred from the _________ to the land.

ocean

Another name for the water cycle is the ___________ cycle.

hydraulic

Select the components of a biogeochemical cycle from the list below.

a) exchange pools

b) ecological pyramids

c) reservoirs

d) biotic communities

e) food chains

exchange pools, reservoirs, biotic communities

Select all of the ways water enters the atmosphere.

a) transpiration

b) evaporation

c) precipitation

transpiration, evaporation

Select examples of precipitation from the list below.

a) fog

b) snow

c) dew

d) sleet

e) hail

f) rain

fog, snow, sleet, hail, rain

The top of the saturation zone in the ground is called the _________ table.

water

The element ____________ is transfered from the ocean to land in the deposits of guano from seabirds.

phosphorus

An area between rock layers that stores water is called a(n) ____________.

aquifer

When melted snow and rainfall percolate into the soil, ___________ are recharged.

aquifers

Water moves onto land by way of _____________.

precipitation

When humans remove water from aquifiers at a rate that exceeds the possibility of recharge it is called ________________ mining.

groundwater

Besides phosphorus, which other element is considered a limiting element of plants?

a) nitrogen

b) oxygen

c) carbon

d) hydrogen

nitrogen

Which of the following molecules contain the element phosphorus?

a) phospholipids

b) ATP

c) amino acids

d) RNA nucleotides

e) DNA nucleotides

f) fatty acids

phospholipids, ATP, RNA nucleotides, DNA nucleotides

Teeth, bones, and shells are some of the ways in which animals incorporate the element _________ into their bodies

phosphorus

Plant growth is limited by which of the following elements?

a) ATP

b) phospholipids

c) phosphorus

d) water

phosphorus

True or False? Phosphorus in marine sediments is used by algae.

false

The phosphorus cycle is a sedimentary cycle because the phosphorus does not enter the ___________.

atmosphere

Select the elements that fertilizers usually contain from the list below.

a) nitrogen

b) sodium

c) potassium

d) calcium

e) phosphorus

nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus

Select ways in which animals incorporate phosphate into their bodies.

a) bones

b) shells

c) feces

d) teeth

bones, shells, teeth

Phosphorus is a limiting inorganic nutrient for ___________ since their growth is limited by the amount of available phosphorus.

plants

Cultural ___________ is caused by excessive amounts of phosphates being added to lakes and rivers through human activities.

eutrophication

This element is trapped in marine sediment before being exposed through geologic upheaval. It is ____________.

phosphorus

Which of the following are involved in the phosphorus cycle?

a) decomposers

b) plants

c) soil

d) water

e) animals

f) atmosphere

decomposers, plants, soil, water, animals

Cultural eutrophication in aquatic systems can lead to ___________ blooms that eventually die and decomposers use up the available oxygen in the water causing ___________ kills.

algae, fish

Which of the following may contribute to cultural eutrophication?

a) burning fossil fuels

b) fertilizer usage

c) sewage treatment plants

d) livestock feedlots

fertilizer usage, sewage treatment plants, livestock feedlots

Nitrogen makes up what percent of the atmospheric gases?

a) 78

b) 1

c) 21

78

Nitrogen fixation occurs when nitrogen _________ is converted into ____________ ions.

gas, ammonium

Some organisms can convert nitrogen gas into ammonium ions, this is called nitrogen ______________.

fixation

The gas that makes up 78% of the atmosphere is ________________.

nitrogen

Nitrification is the production of ___________ in the nitrogen cycle.

nitrates