Cardio and Respiratory Wk 12 - Lesson 85

What is the cranial thorax boundary?

thoracic inlet; first ribs attached to first thoracic vertebra and manubrium

3 multiple choice options

What is the ventral thoracic boundary?

sternum and costal cartilages

3 multiple choice options

What is the dorsal thoracic boundary?

thoracic vertebrae and hypaxial muscles

3 multiple choice options

What is the caudal thoracic boundary?

12th & 13th ribs and diaphragm

What is the pleura?

thin, double-layered membrane that surrounds the lungs and lines the chest cavity

What are the two layers of the pleura?

visceral and parietal pleura

3 multiple choice options

What is the function of the pleural cavity?

contains a small amount of lubricating fluid allowing the lungs to expand and contract easily

What is the mediastinum?

central compartment between the pleural sacs of the lungs

What is the pericardium?

protective double-layered membrane that surrounds the heart and the roots of large blood vessels

What are the main two layers of the pericardium?

fibrous and serous pericardium

3 multiple choice options

What layer does the visceral and parietal pericardium make up?

serous pericardium

3 multiple choice options

What is the mesothelium?

tissue composed of thin, flat cells (mesothelial cells) that provide lubrication and reduce friction

How is transudate produced?

imbalance in hydrostatic and osmotic pressures

What is the protein content of transudate?

low <2.5g/dL and high >2.5g/dL protein content

What is the protein content of exudate?

high >2.5g/dL but usually >4.0g/dL

What is another name for a serous cavity?

serosa

3 multiple choice options

How is serous fluid made?

produced by blood filtration through the serous membranes capillaries and secreted by mesothelium

Where is serous fluid found?

between the parietal and visceral layers

What does transudate look like?

clear liquid

What drains the fluid from the pleural space?

lymphatic vessel

What is microcirculation?

intricate network of small blood vessels within tissues

What are the structures that make up microcirculation?

arterioles, capillaries, venules

3 multiple choice options

What is the function of arterioles?

regulate blood flow into capillary beds through their smooth muscle walls

What structure enables the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the bloodstream and surrounding cells?

capillaries

3 multiple choice options

How do gases, nutrients, and waste travel across the capillary walls?

diffusion, filtration, reabsorption

What is the function of the venules?

drain blood from capillaries and return deoxygenated blood to the heart

What are the types of capillaries?

continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal

What type of capillary is in the liver?

sinusoidal

3 multiple choice options

What organ has fenestrated capillaries?

kidney

3 multiple choice options

What is present in fenestrated capillaries?

pores

3 multiple choice options

What does continuous capillaries lack?

fenestrations

3 multiple choice options

What do sinusoidal capillaries have?

large fenestrations

3 multiple choice options

What is starling forces?

balance between hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure across capillary walls

What is hydrostatic pressure?

driven by the force of the blood flow to push out fluid from the capillaries

What is osmotic pressure?

driven by plasma proteins to draw fluid back into the capillaries

What specific plasma protein helps drive oncotic pressure?

albumin

3 multiple choice options

What is the Gibbs-Donnan Effect?

albumin is coated with sodium which strongly attracts water

If you have a high hydrostatic pressure in the capillary where is the fluid going to go?

interstitial space

If there is a high osmotic pressure in the capillaries where is the fluid going?

staying in the capillary

What is the net filtration rate equation?

NFR = Kf * (Pc - Pi) - (Pie c - Pie i)

What affects the production and resorption of fluid in a pleural cavity?

starling forces

3 multiple choice options

What force encourages production of serous fluid?

interstitial hydrostatic pressures

What force encourages resorption of serous fluid?

oncotic pressure

What is effusion?

escape of fluid into a body cavity

What are examples of diseases that produce transudate?

congestive heart failure or liver disease

What are problems that produce exudate?

infections, trauma, inflammatory disorders

What are examples of pathogenesis of pleural effusion?

all of the above

3 multiple choice options

What is the main cause pure transudate?

hypoproteinemia

What is the process of forming pure transudate?

passive process

What are the ways the hypoproteinemia can occur?

increased loss of albumin and decreased production of albumin

What causes increase loss of albumin?

nephropathies or enteropathies

What can cause decreased production of albumin?

cirrhosis, malnutrition, maldigestion, malabsorption

Why is high protein transudate called modified?

leakage of fluid from the blood vessels carries high protein content which is unusual for transudate

What causes most modified transudates?

type of obstruction to venous or lymphatic drainage

What are examples of problems that cause modified transudate?

congestive heart failure or chylous effusions

What are the two types of exudates?

septic and non-septic

What does non-septic exudate result from?

uroperitoneum, FIP, tumors, inflammation of internal organs

What does septic exudate result from?

organisms being introduced into the body cavity

What cell is mainly seen in septic exudates?

neutrophils