biology

ao3

muscle tissues

tissues that can contract to exert a force. 3 main types are skeletal cordiac and smooth tissue muscle

nervous tissue

tissues that detect stimuli and transmit electrical signals. composed of neurons that detect stimuli and carry electrical signals and glia that assist neuron signal transmission

connective tissue

tissues that connect and support other tissues and organ structures of the body

epithilial tissue

tissues which compose the external and internal layers of the body. These tissues assist in protection, secretion and absorbtion

digestive system purpose

breaks down and processes food to be used by the body

levels of cell organistation

cell tissue organ system

excretory system purpose

removes water substances from the blood via excretion, also assists in control of water balence

endocrine system purpose

responsible for the production and secretion of hormones

skeletal system purpose

provides internal structure to suppirt the body, works with muscular system to enable movement

muscular system purpose

responsible for contractions in skeletal muscle, the heart, and other contractions throughout the body

nervous system purpose

detects and processes sensory information to activate responses in the body

immune system purpose

defends the body against infection

integumentory system purpose

protects internal body structures from the external environment

respitory system purpose

responsibel for remove carbon dioxide from the body and delivering oxygen to the blood

blood circlatory system

delivers oxygen and nutrients to the tissues of the body via blood

reproductive system purpose

regulates production of sex cells and reproduction

organisation of plants

cell tissue organ system organism

xylem cells function

responsible for transport of water thoughout the plant

pholem cells function

responsible for the transport of sugars and other nutrients throughout the plant

collenshyma and sklernchyma cells

provide support to the cell

parenchyma cellls

responsible for photosynthesis

plant tissues

vascular tissue - transport water and nutrientts dermal tissue - collection of cells that form the outer layer of a plant ground tissue - encompassy term for different plant tissue types

plant organs

leaves - photosynthesis flowers - reproduction fruits - protects seeds stems - support other organs and transport water and nutrients Roots - absorbtion of water and nutrients from the soil

plant organisation

roots shoots

types of vascular tissue

xylem and phloem

vascular bundles

closer arrangement of pholem and xylem

why do we urinate

amino acids cant be stored and must be immediantly used or converted

digestive system process

1. oral cavity - teeth mechanically break down food, enzymes in saliva and mouth start breakdown of carbs and fats

2. salivary glands - glands that produce and release saliva into the mouth and oesophagus

3. oesophagus - a hollow tube connecting the oral cavity to the stomach which food travels down after being swallowed. saliva continues to mix with food. The movement of food is aided by muscular contractions of the tube, known as perisstalsis

4. stomach - a temp storage tank where food is mixed by muscular movements known as churning protase enzymes begin digestion of protiens. digestive juices are released by stomach membrane, which creates an acidic environment. persistalsis of the stomach musles helps push food along the small intestine. partially digested food that leaves the stomach is known as chyme

5. liver - site of bile production. bile is important in the breakdown of fat

6. galbladder - bile is stored and furthur concentrated in the galbadeer

7. pancreas - digestive enzymes are produced in the pancreas and are released when food reaches the fist part of the small intestine

8. small intestine - asborbs nutrients from food. made up of the duodedum, jejunum and the ileum. enzymes aid in digeestion

9. large intestine - final absorbion of water nutrients and and minerals. made up of cecum colon rectum. as water is reabsorbed from undigested food it becomes more solid and compact, eventually ready for excretion

10. appendix - play a role in immune

11. rectum - final area of the large intestine stores feaces

12. anus - feaces expelled from body

steps of digestipon

its definitly all eaten (ingestion, digetsion, absorbtion, elimination)

types of digestion

chemical and physical

translocation

movement of nutients creted in leaves to other areas of the plqnt

to reduce transpirtaion plants…

activly pump pottasium ions out of guard cells, water diffuses out of guard cells, guard cell becomes flaccid clsoing the stomata

to increase transpiration

activly pump potassium ions into guard cells, increasing concentration of solutes, water tehn diffuses into guard cells, guard cells are shaped like beans and go turgid which leaves stomata open

what do guard cells regulate

transpiration

capillary action

when a liquid flows in narrow tubes due to adhesion of liquid to surface of the tube

differences betwee n phloem ad xylem

phloem is nutrients xylem is minerals phloem is 2 way and has end walls with perforations

companion cells

regulate entry of nutrients to the phloem

structure of the phloem

long skinny tubes that run trhorugh plant. made from sieve cells and companion cells

structure of the xylem

long, skinny tubes that run from roots to shoots. made form vessel elements an trahceids

cytoplasmic pathway

The cytoplasmic pathway involves minerals being pumped into root hair cells via active transport, which then draws water in through osmosis. These nutrients travel through the living part of the plant—the cytoplasm and plasmodesmata—allowing the plant to selectively filter what enters its system before it reaches the xylem

extracellular pathway in plants

A process where water and nutrients diffuse through gaps in root cells, facilitating their absorption into the plant.

role of kidneys

to filter blood, reabsorb the useful sustances and secrete the unwanted ones

nephron neumonic

big puppies love dancing cutely

BPLDC

Bowmans capule promixal coveluted tubule loop of henle collecting duct

response model

stimulus receptor modulator effector response

positive feedback model

increases or amplifies the stimulis

conduction

tranfer of heat through physical contact with another object

convection

tranfer of heat through movement of liquid or gas between areas of diferent temperatures

thermoregulation too hot

stimulus - change in temperture receptor - thermorecpetors modulater - hypothalumus effecter - nervous system sweat glands arector pili muscle blood vessels cells cerebal cortex respose - change in behaviuour flatting of hair decrease of metaolic rate sweating dialation of aritoles

thermoregulation too cold

stimulus - change in temperture receptor - thermorecpetors modulater - hypothalumus effecter - nervous system brown fat sweat glands arector pili muscle blood vessels cells cerebal cortex respose lifting of hair change in behaviour constriction of aritoles increaes in metabolic rate burning of triglycerides

blood glucucose to high

receptor and modulator - islets langerhans and beta cells release inculin effector - skeletal fat cells and liver cells travel in blood response - increased uptake of glucose and increase conversion of glucose to glycogen

blood glucose too low

receptor and modulator- islets langerhans and alpha cells secrete glucagon efefctor - liver cells reponse breakdown of glucagon

high osmalality

receptor - baroreceptor (blood pressure) osmoreceptor (osmality levels) modulator - hypothalumus supress relese of adh from pituatary gland effector - decreased insertion of aquaporijs in the distal convoluting tube and collecting duct and thirst center iss supressed response - decrease of reabsorbtion and consumption of fluid

low osmolality

receptor - baroreceptor (bp) osmoreeptor (osmality levels) modulator - hypothalymus release adh from pituatary gland causing realse of aldosterone and kidneys relese renin effector - activation of sodium pottasium pumps increasing reasorbtion of sodium aquaporins inserted into the distal conveuluting tube and the collecting duct stimulate thirst cneter response - increased reabsorbtion of water and consumption of water

hyperthyroidism

overactivity of the thyroid gland

hyperglycemia syptoms

thirst urination weight loss hunger tiredness