3.4.1 Mass transport in animals

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Last updated 8:25 PM on 5/30/26
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11 Terms

1
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What is the structure of haemoglobin?

quaternary protein with four polypeptide chains

each polypeptide chain contains a haem group

2
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What is the role of haemoglobin?

located within red blood cells to transport oxygen around the body

3
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How does haemoglobin transport blood around the body?

each haem group binds reversibly to an oxygen molecule

4
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Give four structural features of an artery and how they are related to their function

  1. thick smooth muscle tissue to withstand high blood pressure

  2. thick elastic tissue stretches and recoils to maintain blood pressure

  3. narrow lumen to maintain blood pressure

  4. smooth endothelium to reduce friction

<ol><li><p><strong>thick smooth muscle tissue</strong> to <strong>withstand</strong> high blood pressure</p></li><li><p><strong>thick elastic tissue</strong> stretches and recoils to <strong>maintain </strong>blood pressure</p></li><li><p><strong>narrow lumen</strong> to <strong>maintain</strong> blood pressure</p></li><li><p><strong>smooth endothelium</strong> to reduce friction</p></li></ol><p></p>
5
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Describe how the structure of an arteriole relates to its function

  1. thick smooth muscle layer to control blood flow to capillaries

  2. thin elastic layer as pressure is low

<ol><li><p><strong>thick smooth muscle </strong>layer to control <strong>blood flow</strong> to capillaries</p></li><li><p><strong>thin elastic </strong>layer as pressure is low </p></li></ol><p></p>
6
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Explain how an arteriole can reduce the blood flow into capillaries

  1. smooth muscle contracts

  2. narrows lumen (vasoconstriction)

<ol><li><p>smooth muscle <strong>contracts</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>narrows</strong> lumen (vasoconstriction)</p></li></ol><p></p>
7
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Explain how an arteriole can increase the blood flow into capillaries

  1. smooth muscle relaxes

  2. widens lumen (vasodilation)

<ol><li><p>smooth muscle <strong>relaxes</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>widens </strong>lumen (vasodilation)</p></li></ol><p></p>
8
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How does the thickness of the elastic and muscle layer differ between an artery and an arteriole?

  1. artery has thinner muscular layer/arteriole has a thicker muscle layer

  2. artery has a thicker elastic layer/arteriole has thinner elastic layer

9
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Explain how the structure of veins relates to their function

  1. thin elastic and muscle tissue as pressure is lower

  2. wide lumen

  3. valves to prevent backflow of blood

<ol><li><p><strong>thin</strong> elastic and muscle tissue as pressure is <strong>lower</strong></p></li><li><p>wide lumen </p></li><li><p><strong>valves</strong> to prevent <strong>backflow</strong> of blood</p></li></ol><p></p>
10
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How does the thickness of the elastic and muscle layer differ between an artery and a vein?

veins have thinner elastic and muscle layer/arteries have thicker elastic and muscle layer

11
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Describe two structural features of a capillary that relates to its function

  1. wall made up of one cell thin layer of endothelial cells which reduces diffusion distance

  2. narrow lumen reduces rate of blood flow to maximise time for diffusion

  3. pores between cells of the capillary wall so small molecules can be forced out