Human Development FINAL

childhood-onset fluency disorder(stuttering)

substantial disruption in the rhythm and fleuncy of speech; the most common speech impairment

concrete operational stage

the period of cognitive development between 7 and 12 years of age, which is characterized by the active, and appropriate, use of logic

decentering

the ability to take multiple aspects of a situation into a account

meta memory

an understanding about the processes that underlie memory, which emerges and improves during middle childhood

metalingustic awareness

an understanding of one’s own use of language

Wachsler intelligence scale for childern, 5th edition

a test for children that provides separate measures of verbal and performance(no nonverbal) skills, as well as a total score

Kaufman Assessment Battery for childern, 2nd edition

an intelligence test that measures childern’s ability to integrate different stimuli simultaneously and to use sequential thinking

triarchic theory of intelligence

Sterbverg’s theory that intelligence is made up of 3 major components: componential, experiential, and contextual

least restrictive environment

the setting that is most similar to that of children without special needs

mainstreaming

an educational approach in which exceptional children are integrated to the extent possible into the traditional educational system and are provided with a broad range of educational alternatives

formal operational stage

the period at which people develop the ability to think abstractly

information processing approach

the model that seeks to identify the way that indiviuals take in, use, and store info

metacognition

the knowledge that people have about their own thinking processes and thier ability to monitor their cognition

identity-versus-identity-confusion stage

the period during whiich teenagers seek to determine what is uniqe about themselves

Erikson’s stages

identity achievement

the status of adolescents who commit to a particular identity following a period of crisis during which they consider various alternatives

identity foreclosure

The status of adolescents who prematurely commit to an identity without exploring all options

moretorium

the status of adolescents who may have explored some identities to some degree, but not committed yet

identity diffusion

the status of adolescents who consider various idenity alternatives, but never come to one or never even consider idenity options

coregulation

A period in which parents and children jointly control children’s behavoir

Blended family

Remarried couples who have at least one stepchild living with them

industry-versus-inferiority stage

according to Erik Erikson, the period from age 6 to 12 characterized by a focus on efforts to attain competence in meeting the challenges presented by parents, peers, school, and the other complexities of the modern world

Dominance Hieracrchy

rankings that represent the relative social power of those in a group

status

The evaluation of a role or person by other relevant members of a group

Social competence

the collection of soical skills that permit indidvuals to do well in social settings

menarche

the onset of menstruation

primary sex characteristics

characteristics associated with the development of the organs and structures of the body that directly relate to reproduction

secondary sex characteristics

the visible signs of sexual maturity that do not directly involve the sex organs

senescene

the natural physical decline brought about by aging

psychoneuroimmunolgy

the study of the relationship among the brain, the immune system, and psychological factors

primary appraisal

The assessment of an event to determine whether its implications are positive, negative, or neutral

secondary appraisal

The assessment of whether one’s coping abilities and resources are adequate to overcome the harm, threat, or challenge posed by the potential stressor

postformal thought

thinking that acknowledges that adult predicament must sometimes be solved in relativistic terms

acquisitive stage

According to Schaie, the first stage of cognitive development, encompassing all of childhood and adolescence

Achieving stage

The point reached by young adults at which intelligence is applied to specific situations

responsible stage

the stage where the major concerns of middle-aged adults relate to their personal situations, including protecting family

executive stage

the period in middle adulthood when people take a broader perspective than previously, including concerns about the world

reintegrative stage

The period of late adulthood during which the focus is on tasks that have personal meaning

triarchic theory of intelligence

Sternberg’s theory that ntelligence is made up of three major components: componential, experienmental, and contextual

how to calc IQ

Mental age/chronological age*100=IQ

what should avg IQ be?

100, they change the test so it is 100

What counts as an intellectual disability?

IQ lower than 70, PLUS difficulty with conceptual, social, and practical skills 

what is intelligence

includes procesing speed, myelination speeds this up

gardner’s theory on intelligence

• Interpersonal-other people’s emotions 

• Intrapersonal-your own emotions 

fluid vs crystailized intelligence

• Crystallized(things you know, facts) vs fluid intelligence(processing of info)

  • Young adults are usually between in fluid intelligence than older adults and vice versa 

what predicts IQ

genes and envirnment, breat feeding and early education increase IQ, midset also improve IQ

what are the 5 componets of emotional intelligence?

• Self awareness

• Self-regulation/Management(the biggest indicator of human success) 

• Attitude/motivation/Passion 

• Emotion 

• Social Skills

what are the 3 Cs in discipline

• Collect(calm yourself)

• Connect(listen, validate)

• Correct(request guide, tell)

High control/structure and high warmth =

Authoritative(Reasonable demands, consistently enforced with sensitivity to and acceptance of child

High control/structure and low warmth =

Authoritarian(many rules and demands, few explanations, and little sensitivity to child’s needs

Low control/structure and low warmth =

Uninvolved(few rules and remands, parents are uninvolved and insensitive to child’s needs

Low control/structure and high warmth =

Permissive(few rules and demands, children are allowed fun freedom by indulgent parents

child outcomes for the 4 parenting types

• Authoritative- best outcomes: mature and independent 

• Authoritarian-lower self-esteem, rebellious, dependent, angry

• Permissive-impulsive , lacking persistence, bad in school

• Neglectful-worst outcomes: depressed, anxious, antisocial 

siblings can be..

equal status playmates

benefits of being an only child?

slightly higher IQ(parent attention)

Niche picking

• A theory that people cause their environment(which then interacts with their genes)

• Brother and sister, one is a jock and one is a nerd, but they both have the same IQ

peer status definitions: popular, average, neglected, rejected, controversial

• Popular: frequently nominated as best friend; rarely disliked 

• Average: Average number of positive and negative nominations

• Neglected: Infrequently nominated as best first but not disliked by peers

• Rejected: Infrequently nominated as a friend; actively disliked by peers (the kid who is gonna struggle the most)

• Controversial: Frequently nominated as someone’s best friend and as being disliked  

The mmyth of storm and stress

• Stanley Hall argues that adolescence is a period of heightened “storm and stress”. Is this true?

  • The relationship with parents does change:

    • Spend less time together; but time together in protective 

    • Parents tend to mildly argue with teens overclothing, etc, they are simply seeking autonomy

  • But most teens have a positive relationship w/ their parents 

    • Only 25% have more serious problems

adolescent egocentrism, personal fable

• Adolescent egocentrism: a teen’s focus on her own feelings and experiences  

  • Often characterized by the imaginary audience: the belief that their peers are always watching 

  • Personal Fable: belief that their own experiences and feelings are unique and no one has ever felt like this before

how many teens have tried tobacco, and what percentage use marjiana, and alcohol in 2023

1/3 or 20% and 40%, 22%

effects of using marijuana

• Impact on learning and attention 

• Weekly use under the age of 18 is linked to: lower IQ, lower income, higher likelihood of dropping out, being on welfare, being depressed, and attempting suicide 

• Marijuana damages the developing brain

alcohol and drug use-factors

• Parents: drinking goes up if:

  • Parents are uninvolved or set unrealistic expectations 

  • Alcohol is an important part of their parent’s social lives

•  Stress

  • Alcohol is a depressant(self-medicating anxiety)

• Peers

  • Having peers who drink is a risk factor

internalizing behavior

• Turning stress inward 

• depression, anxiety 

• About 20% 

• 2X likely in girls than boys 

Externalizing behavior

• Turing stress outward-acting out

• Aggression, antisocial(rule-breaking)

• Somewhat more common in boys

functional death

the absence of a heartbeat and breathing

thanalogostis

people that study death and dying

what are the five basic steps of approaching death proposed by Kübler-Ross

0. terminal illness diagnosis

1. denial(shock)

2. anger

3. bargaining(then relaization)

4. depression

5. acceptance

intimacy-versus-isolation stage

according to Erikson, the period of postadolescence inot the early 30s that focuses on developing close, initimate relationships with others

passionate(or romantic) love

a state of powerful absorption in someone

companionate love

the strong affection for those with whom our lives are deeply involved

labeling theory of assionate love

the theory that individuals experience romantic love when 2 events occur together: intense physioligcal arousal and situational cues suggesting that the arousal is a result of love

intimacy component

according to Sternberg, the component to love that encompasses feelings of closeness, affection, and connectedness

passion component

according to Sternberg, the componet of love that comprises the motivational drives relating to sez, physical closenss, and romance

decision/commitment component

according to Sternberg, the 3rd aspect of love that embodies both the initial cognition that one loves another person and the long-term determination to maintain that love

cohabitation

couples living together without being married

normative-crisis theories

The approach to personality development that is based on fairly universal stages tied to a sequence of age-related changes or crises

generativity-vs-stagnation

according to Erikson, the stage during middle adulthood in which people consider their contributions to family and society

gerontologists

specialists who study aging

primary aging

agin that involves universal and irreversible chnages that because of gentic programming, occur as people get old

secondary aging

changes in phsyocal and cognitie fucntioning that are as a result of illness, health habits, and other individual differences, but are not the result of increased age itself and are not inevitable

osteoporosis

a condition in which the bones become brittle, fragile, and thin, often brought about by a lack of calcium in the diet

genetic programming theories of aging

theories that suggest that our body’s DNA genetic code contains a built-in time limit for the reproduction of human cells

wear-and-tear theories of aging

the theory that the mechanical fucntions of the body simply wear out with age

ego-integrity vs despair stage

Erikson’s final stage of life, characterized by a process of looking back over one’s life, evaluating it, and coming to terms with it

redefiniton of self vs preoccupation with work role

the theoory that those in old age must refine themselves in ways that do not relate to their work roles or occupations

body transcence vs body preoccupation

a period in which people must learn to cope with and move beyong changes in physical capabilities as a reuslt of aging

ego transcendence vs ego preoccupation

the period in which elderly people must come to grips with their impending death

age stratification theories

the view that an unqeual ditrubtion of economic resources, power, and privilage exists amoung people at different stages of life