Biology- Chapter 2 & 3 Review (Openstax Biology 2e Textbook)

If xenon has an atomic number of 54 and a mass number of 108, how many neutrons does it have?

54

27

100

108

54

Atoms that vary in the number of neutrons found in their nuclei are called ________.

ions

neutrons

neutral atoms

isotopes

isotopes

Potassium has an atomic number of 19. What is its electron configuration?

shells 1 and 2 are full, and shell 3 has nine electrons

shells 1, 2 and 3 are full and shell 4 has three electrons

shells 1, 2 and 3 are full and shell 4 has one electron

shells 1, 2 and 3 are full and no other electrons are present

shells 1, 2 and 3 are full and shell 4 has one electron

.

Which type of bond represents a weak chemical bond?

hydrogen bond

atomic bond

covalent bond

nonpolar covalent bond

hydrogen bond

Which of the following statements is not true?

Water is polar.

Water stabilizes temperature.

Water is essential for life.

Water is the most abundant molecule in the Earth's atmosphere.

Water is the most abundant molecule in the Earth's atmosphere.

When acids are added to a solution, the pH should ________.

decrease

increase

stay the same

cannot tell without testing

decrease

We call a molecule that binds up excess hydrogen ions in a solution a(n) ________.

acid

isotope

base

donator

base

Which of the following statements is true?

Acids and bases cannot mix together.

Acids and bases will neutralize each other.

Acids, but not bases, can change the pH of a solution.

Acids donate hydroxide ions (OH-); bases donate hydrogen ions (H+).

Acids and bases cannot mix together.

Each carbon atom can bond with as many as________ other atom(s) or molecule(s).

one

two

six

four

four

.

Which of the following is not a functional group that can bond with carbon?

sodium

hydroxyl

phosphate

carbonyl

sodiumIonic bonds-

Ionic bonds

transfer of electrons

Covalent bonds

Bonds created by sharing electrons with other atoms.

Noncovalent bonds

Weak chemical bonds in which no electrons are shared

Polar Covalent

unequal sharing of electrons

Non-polar covalent

electrons are shared equally

Is a "trace element" an essential element"?

Yes, because trace elements are required by an organism but only in minute (small) quantities.

Cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

Adhesion

An attraction between molecules of different substances

pH

hydrogen ion concentration

Acid

compound that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in solution

Base

a compound that produces hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution

Buffer

compound that prevents sudden changes in pH

What are the pH values for acidic solutions?

Anything below 7.0 (ranging from 0.0 to 6.9) is acidic

What are the pH values for basic solutions?

anything above 7.0 (from 7.1 to 14.0) is alkaline (basic)

What are the four emergent properties of water that are important for life?

cohesion, expansion upon freezing, high heat of evaporation, capillarity

cohesion, moderation of temperature, expansion upon freezing, versatility as a solvent

the heat of vaporization, high specific heat, high surface tension, capillarity

polarity, hydrogen bonding, high specific heat, high surface tension

cohesion, moderation of temperature, expansion upon freezing, versatility as a solvent

If you were a spider gliding across a pond in the summer in Virginia, for what property of water

would you be most grateful?

the high heat of fusion

high specific heat

Cohesion

Adhesion

Cohesion

hydroxyl group

a hydrogen atom joined to an oxygen atom by a polar covalent bond; polar

methyl group

nonpolar (thus hydrophobic), found in such things as lipids, and other membrane components.

carbonyl group

a carbon atom linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom; polar

carboxyl group

A functional group in organic acids consists of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and bonded to a hydroxyl group; acidic

amino group

consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms; basic

phosphate group

consisting of a phosphorus atom covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms; acidic

Sulffhydryl group

polar

What kind of bond would be present in a completely flat section of a biological molecule?

single bonds

double bond

triple bond

b or c

double bond

What type of isomer is propanol compared to acetone?

cis-trans isomer

structural isomer

Enantiomer

none of the above

structural isomer

cis-trans isomer

have the same covalent bonds but differ in spatial arrangements

structural isomer

same molecular formula but differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.

Dehydration synthesis leads to the formation of

monomers

polymers

water and polymers

none of the above

polymers

Enantiomer

isomers that are mirror images of each other

During the breakdown of polymers, which of the following reactions takes place?

hydrolysis

dehydration

condensation

covalent bond

hydrolysis

The following chemical reactants produce the ester ethyl ethanoate (C4H8O2):

C2H6O + CH3COOH

What type of reaction occurs to make ethyl ethanoate?

condensation

hydrolysis

combustion

acid-base reaction

condensation

An example of a monosaccharide is ________.

fructose

glucose

galactose

all of the above

all of the above

Cellulose and starch are examples of:

monosaccharides

disaccharides

lipids

polysaccharides

polysaccharides

Plant cell walls contain which of the following in abundance?

starch

cellulose

glycogen

lactose

cellulose

.

Lactose is a disaccharide formed by the formation of a ________ bond between glucose and ________.

glycosidic; lactose

glycosidic; galactose

hydrogen; sucrose

hydrogen; fructose

glycosidic; galactose

Which of the following is not an extracellular matrix role of carbohydrates?

protect an insect's internal organs from external trauma

prevent plant cells from lysing after the plant is watered

maintain the shape of a fungal spore

provide energy for muscle movement

provide energy for muscle movement

Saturated fats have all of the following characteristics except:

they are solid at room temperature

they have single bonds within the carbon chain

they are usually obtained from animal sources

they tend to dissolve in water easily

they tend to dissolve in water easily

Phospholipids are important components of ________.

the plasma membrane of cells

the ring structure of steroids

the waxy covering on leaves

the double bond in hydrocarbon chains

the plasma membrane of cells

Cholesterol is an integral part of plasma membranes. Based on its structure, where is it found in the membrane?

on the extracellular surface

embedded with the phospholipid heads

within the tail bilayer

attached to the intracellular surface

within the tail bilayer

The monomers that makeup proteins are called ________.

nucleotides

disaccharides

amino acids

chaperones

amino acids

The α-helix and the β-pleated sheet are part of which protein structure?

primary

secondary

tertiary

quaternary

secondary

Mad cow disease is an infectious disease where one misfolded protein causes all other copies of the protein to begin misfolding. This is an example of a disease impacting ____ structure.

primary

secondary

tertiary

quaternary

tertiary

A nucleotide of DNA may contain ________.

ribose, uracil, and a phosphate group

deoxyribose, uracil, and a phosphate group

deoxyribose, thymine, and a phosphate group

ribose, thymine, and a phosphate group

deoxyribose, thymine, and a phosphate group

The building blocks of nucleic acids are ________.

sugars

nitrogenous bases

peptides

nucleotides

nucleotides

How does the double helix structure of DNA support its role in encoding the genome?

The sugar-phosphate backbone provides a template for DNA replication.

tRNA pairing with the template strand creates proteins encoded by the genome.

Complementary base pairing creates a very stable structure.

Complementary base pairing allows for easy editing of both strands of DNA.

Complementary base pairing creates a very stable structure

storage forms of glucose for plants

cellulose

storage forms of glucose for animals

Glycogen

three major types of biologically important lipids

Fats, phospholipids, steroids

saturated fats

A fat that is solid at room temperature and found in animal fats, lards, and dairy products; only single bonds or has no double bonds

unsaturated fats

A fat that is liquid at room temperature and found in vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds.

cis fatty acids

Two covalent single C-C bonds angle in the same direction adjacent to the C=C double bond, unsaturated

trans fatty acids

fatty acids with unusual shapes that can arise when hydrogens are added to the unsaturated fatty acids of polyunsaturated oils

Explain why carbohydrates can dissolve in water and lipids cannot.

Carbohydrates can dissolve in water because they are hydrophilic whereas lipids are hydrophobic

Polymers are made of monomer subunits that are joined by what type of bonds?

Ionic bonds

Covalent bonds

Hydrogen bonds

Hydrophobic bonds

Covalent bonds

What kind of isomers are glucose galactose and Fructose?

Geometric isomers (Cis-Trans Isomers)

Structural Isomers

Enantiomers

Hydrocarbons

Enantiomers

Which polysaccharide has the greatest number of branches?

Cellulose

Chitin

Amylose

Amylopectin

Glycogen

Amylopectin

A polysaccharide you are studying contains unbranched β glucose molecules and cannot be digested by humans. Which polysaccharide are you studying?

Cellulose

DNA

Chitin

Star

Glycogen

Cellulose

Lipids cannot be considered polymers because

They contain polar covalent bonds.

Their structure includes carbon rings.

They can be artificially created.

Their monomers are connected via ionic bonds.

They are not composed of monomer subunits.

They are not composed of monomer subunits.

primary structure

sequence of amino acids

secondary structure

Either an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet.

tertiary structure

three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain.

quaternary structure

Results from two or more polypeptide subunits.

Identify the three components of nucleic acids

DNA, RNA, mRNA

Describe the basic structure of DNA

Double helix, with a sugar phosphate backbone, linked by complementary nucleotide pairs (linked by hydrogen bonds)

How does RNA differ from DNA?

DNA encodes hereditary information; RNA does

DNA forms duplexes; RNA does not.

DNA contains thymine; RNA contains uracil.

All of the above

DNA contains thymine; RNA contains uracil.

The reactivity of an atom arises from

the average distance of the outermost electron shell from the nucleus

the potential energy of the valence shell.

the sum of the potential energies of all the electron shells

the existence of unpaired electrons in the valence shell.

the existence of unpaired electrons in the valence shell.

How many electron pairs are shared between carbon atoms in a molecule that has the formula C2H4?

one

two

four

three

two

Water molecules can form hydrogen bonds with ________.

oils

chloride ions

oxygen gas (O2) molecules

compounds that have polar covalent bonds

compounds that have polar covalent bonds

To act as an effective coolant in a car's radiator, a substance has to have the capacity to absorb a great deal of heat. You have a reference book with tables listing the physical properties of many liquids. In choosing a coolant for your car, which table would you check first?

specific heat

density at room temperature

heat of vaporization

pH

specific heat

The partial negative charge in a molecule of water occurs because ________.

the oxygen atom has two pairs of electrons in its valence shell that are not neutralized by hydrogen atoms

the oxygen atom donates an electron to each of the hydrogen atoms

one of the hydrogen atoms donates an electron to the oxygen atom

the electrons shared between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms spend more time around the oxygen atom nucleus than around the hydrogen atom nucleus

the electrons shared between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms spend more time around the oxygen atom nucleus than around the hydrogen atom nucleus

Humans can digest starch but not cellulose because ________.

Starch is softer than cellulose

starch monomers are joined by covalent bonds, and cellulose monomers are joined by ionic bonds

humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the α-glycosidic linkages of starch but not the β-glycosidic linkages of cellulose

the monomer of starch is glucose, while the monomer of cellulose is a galactose

humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the α-glycosidic linkages of starch but not the β-glycosidic linkages of cellulose

Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water?

The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages.

They exhibit considerable molecular complexity and diversity.

They are less dense than water.

The majority of their bonds are polar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages.

The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages.

Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids?

amino and sulfhydryl groups

carbonyl and amino groups

hydroxyl and carboxyl groups

carboxyl and amino groups

carboxyl and amino groups

Which atom matches this electron configuration 1s^2 2s^2 2p^5?

Florine

How many valence electrons are present in florine?

7

Can the atomic mass of an element vary?

Yes. Adding or losing electrons will substantially change the atomic mass.

Yes. Adding or losing protons will change the atomic mass without forming a different element.

No, it is fixed; otherwise a new element will be formed.

Yes. Adding or losing neutrons will change the atomic mass without forming a different element.

Yes. Adding or losing neutrons will change the atomic mass without forming a different element.

What is the major structural difference between starch and glycogen?

the type of glycosidic linkages in the molecule

whether glucose is in the α or β form

the types of monosaccharide subunits in the molecules

the amount of branching that occurs in the molecule

the amount of branching that occurs in the molecule

You disrupt all hydrogen bonds in a protein. What level of structure will be preserved?

secondary structure

tertiary structure

primary structure

quaternary structure

primary structure

Denaturation

loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or other factor

Pure water

neutral; equal amounts of acidity and basicity

hydration shell

the sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion

Which statement is true of covalent bonds?

Regardless the element, bond length between neighboring atoms are the same.

Valence electrons must be shared equally between atoms in order to achieve stability.

Covalent bonds form when electrons are shared between two or more atoms to satisfy the octet rule.

Covalent bonds form when the nuclei of two atoms attract each other.

Covalent bonds form when electrons are shared between two or more atoms to satisfy the octet rule.

Triglycerides (fats) containing only single bonds between their carbon atoms are called ________________________ and tend to be solid at room temperature.

Saturated fats

Fossil fuels

Unsaturated fats

Trans fats

Saturated fats

central dogma

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

The four bases in DNA

Adenine

The base that pairs with Thymine in DNA (2 bonds)

thymine

the nucleotide that hydrogen bonds with the nucleotide adenine in DNA (2 bonds)

cytosine

The base that pairs with Guanine with DNA (3 bonds)

guanine

The base that pairs with Cytosine in DNA (3 bonds)

Thymine

replaced with uracil in RNA