Specific metabolism stuff maybe

What is metabolism?

Sum of all chemical reactions in a cell

What are the two major types of metabolism?

Catabolism and anabolism

What is catabolism?

Breakdown of molecules to release energy

What is anabolism?

Synthesis of molecules requiring energy

Is catabolism oxidative or reductive?

Oxidative

Is anabolism oxidative or reductive?

Reductive

Is catabolism exergonic or endergonic?

Exergonic

Is anabolism exergonic or endergonic?

Endergonic

What molecules are produced in catabolism?

ATP, NADH, FADH₂

What molecules are used in anabolism?

ATP and NADPH

What is ATP used for?

Energy currency for cellular processes

What does NADH carry?

Electrons for ATP production

What does NADPH provide?

Reducing power for biosynthesis

Which molecule is primarily used in catabolism for electron transfer?

NADH

Which molecule is primarily used in anabolism?

NADPH

What is the NAD⁺/NADH ratio in cells?

High (~700:1)

What does a high NAD⁺/NADH ratio favor?

Oxidation (catabolism)

What is the NADP⁺/NADPH ratio?

Low

What does a high NADPH level favor?

Reduction (anabolism)

Why are anabolic and catabolic pathways separated?

Prevent futile cycles

What is a futile cycle?

Simultaneous synthesis and breakdown wasting energy

Do anabolic and catabolic pathways use the same enzymes?

No

What regulates metabolic pathways?

Enzymes and hormones

What is feedback inhibition?

End product inhibits an early enzyme

Why is feedback inhibition important?

Prevents overproduction

What are vitamins?

Organic molecules required in small amounts

What are coenzymes?

Organic cofactors derived from vitamins

Are most vitamins water-soluble or fat-soluble?

Water-soluble (B vitamins)

Which vitamins are fat-soluble?

A, D, E, K

Why can fat-soluble vitamins be toxic?

They accumulate in the body

Which vitamin is B1?

Thiamine

What coenzyme is derived from B1?

TPP (thiamine pyrophosphate)

What is the function of TPP?

Decarboxylation of α-keto acids

What type of reactions use TPP?

Oxidative decarboxylation

Which vitamin is B2?

Riboflavin

What coenzymes come from B2?

FAD and FMN

What is the function of FAD/FMN?

Redox reactions

How many electrons can FAD carry?

1 or 2

Which vitamin is B3?

Niacin

What coenzymes come from B3?

NAD⁺ and NADP⁺

What does NAD⁺ do?

Accepts hydride (H⁻)

What is NADH used for?

ATP production

What is NADPH used for?

Biosynthesis

Which vitamin is B5?

Pantothenic acid

What coenzyme is derived from B5?

Coenzyme A

What is the function of CoA?

Acyl group transfer

Which vitamin is B6?

Pyridoxine

What coenzyme is derived from B6?

PLP (pyridoxal phosphate)

What is the function of PLP?

Amino acid metabolism

What reaction is PLP most associated with?

Transamination

What type of bond does PLP form?

Schiff base

Which vitamin is B7?

Biotin

What is the function of biotin?

CO₂ transfer (carboxylation)

What enzymes use biotin?

Carboxylases

What is the role of NAD⁺ in metabolism?

Electron acceptor in catabolism

What is the role of NADH?

Electron donor to ETC

What is the role of NADPH?

Reducing agent in anabolism

How does NAD⁺ accept electrons?

As a hydride ion (H⁻)

How many electrons does NAD⁺ carry?

2 electrons

How many protons does NAD⁺ carry?

1 proton

What is the reduced form of FAD?

FADH₂

What does FADH₂ carry?

2 electrons and 2 protons

What is the key difference between NADH and NADPH?

NADH is for energy production; NADPH is for biosynthesis

What type of reactions use NADPH?

Reductive biosynthesis

What type of reactions use NADH?

Oxidative catabolism

What happens to ATP in anabolic reactions?

Consumed

What happens to ATP in catabolic reactions?

Produced

What is the relationship between catabolism and anabolism?

Catabolism provides energy for anabolism

Which enzyme class forms bonds using ATP?

Ligases (synthetases)

Which enzyme class breaks bonds using water?

Hydrolases

Which enzyme class transfers groups?

Transferases

Which enzyme class catalyzes redox reactions?

Oxidoreductases

What is the role of CoA in metabolism?

Carries activated acyl groups

Where is CoA important?

Fatty acid metabolism and TCA cycle

What happens if NADH accumulates?

Slows catabolism

Why is NAD⁺ needed?

To accept electrons and keep reactions going

What is the purpose of compartmentalization in metabolism?

Separates pathways for regulation

What type of reaction is carboxylation?

Addition of CO₂

Which coenzyme performs carboxylation?

Biotin

What is oxidative decarboxylation?

Removal of CO₂ with oxidation

Which coenzyme is required for decarboxylation?

TPP

What is transamination?

Transfer of amino group

Which coenzyme is required for transamination?

PLP