Exam 3 (SLHS 409)

Knowing that our head turned (motor information), instead of the sound source moving, is an important information for processes in

A. Deep cerebellar nucleus

B. Dorsal cochlear nucleus

C. Ventral cochlear nucleus

D. Inferior colliculus

B. Dorsal cochlear nucleus

T/F: Early connections between sensory areas and the premotor cortex are important because they may allow the sensory-to-motor mapping. Such mapping is thought to be essential for speech production, but not for perception.

False

In the —————, the binaural auditory mechanism involving subtracting (-) sound level from another occurs. The negative sound level signal travels from the ———— to this structure.

A. Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus, Medial nucleus of the trapezoid body

B. Medial Superior Olive, Lateral Superior Olive

C. Superior colliculus, Inferior colliculus

D. Lateral Superior Olive, Inferior colliculus

E. Lateral Superior Olive, Medial nucleus of the trapezoid body

E. Lateral Superior Olive, Medial nucleus of the trapezoid body

At the cortical level

A. there are more synchronized neuron activities in A1 compared to MGB in response to 90 Hz sound

B. Neural representation changes from a temporal code to a rate code when the interclick interval (time between each click) becomes faster than 25 m

C. A periodic click train changes from being "continuous" to "discrete" for frequencies higher than 40 Hz

D. the processing streams are converged into one, maximizing sound localization and sound identification functions

B. Neural representation changes from a temporal code to a rate code when the interclick interval (time between each click) becomes faster than 25 m

Speech is …

A. executed by a few muscles

B. is unique to humans

C. allows us to convey information at a slow pace

D. a simple process

B. is unique to humans

How do lungs expand (inhalation)?

A. Lungs can expand by themselves because of lungs' rubber band-like material properties

B. Lungs are expanded by muscles around them such as the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

C. Lungs cannot be expanded, they are always consistent for us to breathe

D. Lungs expand because they are made up of external intercostal muscles

B. Lungs are expanded by muscles around them such as the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

You are studying a speech disorder that affects a person's articulation. According to the source-filter theory, which portion should you focus on?

A. Source

B. Filter

C. Sourcing filter

D. Filtering source

B. Filter

A spectrogram ... (select all that apply)

A. can help you look at formant frequencies

B. can help you look at pitch

C. can be used to study "the source"

D. can be used to study "the filter"

A. can help you look at formant frequencies

B. can help you look at pitch

C. can be used to study "the source"

D. can be used to study "the filter"

Upper motor neuron… (select all that apply)

A. reaches basal ganglia but not the brain stem

B. resides in M1, likely in layer IV

C. resides in M1, likely in layer V

D. sends axons through internal capsule

C. resides in M1, likely in layer V

D. sends axons through internal capsule

What is (are) the brodmann area(s) for the primary motor cortex?

4

What's the major sensory input to the cortex?

A. Cerebral peduncle

B. Corona radiata

C. Cerebellar peduncle

D. Internal capsule

B. Corona radiata

What are parts of the Pyramidal tracts?

A. A system of afferent fibers that carry signals from the brainstem to the cortex

B. A system of afferent fibers that carry signals from the cerebral cortex to the brainstem

C. A system of efferent fibers that carry signals from the cerebral cortex to the brainstem

D. A system of efferent fibers that carry signals from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord

C. A system of efferent fibers that carry signals from the cerebral cortex to the brainstem

D. A system of efferent fibers that carry signals from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord

Which pyramidal tract is responsible for finger tapping (like Piano)?

Corticospinal

Which pyramidal tract is responsible for moving the tongue for producing speech?

Corticobulbar

Lower motor neurons… (select all that apply)

A. they release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at a synapse called the neuromuscular junction

B. some are also called alpha motor neurons

C. are either in motor nuclei of brain stem or in anterior horn of spinal cord

D. are located right below the upper motor neurons

A. they release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at a synapse called the neuromuscular junction

B. some are also called alpha motor neurons

C. are either in motor nuclei of brain stem or in anterior horn of spinal cord

Why is the pressure-controlled exhalation important?

A. If it is not through the mechanism, the air would escape too slowly for speech

B. If it is not through the mechanism, we have to exert more force on our lung muscles

C. If it is not through the mechanism, the air would escape too quickly for speech

D. If it is not through the mechanism, we cannot breathe in before producing speech

C. If it is not through the mechanism, the air would escape too quickly for speech

Mirror neurons…

A. fire only when a monkey sees a human making actions that it is interested in

B. fire both when a monkey generates motor action and when it observes a human or other monkey performing the same/ similar act

C. fire only when a monkey executes a motor act but not when it observes another monkey doing the same act

D. helps us mirror images for our visual system before generating movements

B. fire both when a monkey generates motor action and when it observes a human or other monkey performing the same/ similar act

Alpha motor neurons innervate muscles via…

A. temporomandibular joint that releases dopamine and acetylcholine

B. Gap junction that releases dopamine and Acetylcholine

C. Muscular junction (MSJ) that releases Acetylcholine and serotonin

D. Neuromuscular junction that releases Acetylcholine

D. Neuromuscular junction that releases Acetylcholine

Which of the following statement(s) is (are) true?

A. A single motor neuron can innervate only one muscle fiber.

B. Each muscle fiber is innervated by only one alpha motor neuron

C. A motor unit consists of a motor neuron and its axons

D. Each motor unit can exert the same amount of force

B. Each muscle fiber is innervated by only one alpha motor neuron

T/F: We know that the top-down (from the cortex to the spinal cord or the brain stem) information is important for movements because without the information the stretch-reflex responses become smaller or absent.

False

A muscle spindle

A. is used only in the stretch reflexes (but not in voluntary movements we generate)

B. includes both sensory and motor axon endings.

C. is a small sensory receptor in our muscles

D. detects the amount of tension force

B. includes both sensory and motor axon endings.

C. is a small sensory receptor in our muscles

Golgi tendon organ

A. has a sensory fiber named Ib that is sensitive to muscle tension force

B. has a sensory fiber named Ia that is sensitive to muscle length

C. has a sensory fiber named Ib, which is muscle spindle

D. has a sensory fiber named Ia that is sensitive to muscle tension force and deep pressure

A. has a sensory fiber named Ib that is sensitive to muscle tension force

T/F: The voluntary movement commands (motor commands) are conveyed through the spinal interneurons, which can adjust and modulate sensory axons inhibition so that the system can be "tuned" for unexpected sensory outcome.

True

Gamma motor neurons

A. can adjust the sensitivity of the Golgi tendon organs

B. is a part of the fusomotor system

C. have nerve endings in muscle spindles

D. can be activated along with alpha motor neurons, which always enhances the amount of force being exerted by the muscle

B. is a part of the fusomotor system

C. have nerve endings in muscle spindles

What is an example of sensory information being critical for movements?

A. Stretch-reflex response

B. Speech perception modulated by skin-stretch

C. alpha motor neurons can innervate many muscle fibers

D. I can make movements without sensory information (i.e., closed eyes

A. Stretch-reflex response

T/F: Large diameter motor neurons produce small excitatory postsynaptic potential. But they tend to be fast and affect many muscle fibers

True

T/F: There is only one type of lower motor neurons, which is called alpha motor neurons.

False