C2 - Bonding
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107 Terms
What are the three types of chemical bond?
Ionic, covalent and metallic
What bonding occurs in metals?
Metallic
What bonding occurs in non-metals?
Covalent
What bonding occurs between a metal and non-metal?
Ionic
How do metals form ions?
They lose electrons
How do non-metals form ions?
They gain electrons
What charge do metal ions have?
Positive
What charge do non-metal ions have?
Negative
What charge do ionic compounds have?
Neutral
What is an ionic bond?
Electrostatic forces of attraction between ions with opposite charges
What is a covalent bond?
A shared pair of electrons between two atoms
What is a metallic bond?
Electrostatic forces of attraction between postive metal ions and negative, delocalised electrons
In what type of bonding are electrons shared?
Covalent
In what type of bonding are electrons transferred?
Ionic
What charge are the ions of group 1 elements?
1+
What charge are the ions of group 2 elements?
2 +
What charge are the ions of group 6 elements?
2-
What charge are the ions of group 7 elements?
1-
What structure do ionic compounds have?
Giant ionic lattice
What substances contain covalent bonds?
Small molecules, giant covalent structures, polymers
What forces are found between molecules?
Intermolecular forces
What side of the periodic table contains metals?
Left
What side of the periodic table contains non metals?
Right
How many pairs of electrons are shared in a single covalent bond?
1
How many pairs of electrons are shared in a double covalent bond?
2
If the temperature is below the melting point of a substance, what state will it be?
Solid
If the temperature is between the melting and boiling point of a substance, what state will it be?
Liquid
What does (s) mean?
Solid state
What does aqueous mean?
Dissolved in water
What does (aq) mean?
Aqueous state
What does (l) mean?
Liquid state
What does (g) mean?
Gaseous state
If the temperature is above the boiling point of a substance, what state will it be?
Gas
[𝗛𝗶𝗴𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝘁𝗶𝗲𝗿] What are two limitations of the simple particle model?
Doesn't show forces between particles
Represents the atoms as spheres which are solid
What state change happnes when a solid changes to a liquid?
Melting
What state change happens when a liquid turns to a gas?
Boling or evaporating
What state change happens when a liquid turns to a solid?
Freezing
What state change happens when a gas turns to a liquid?
Condensing
What structure do ionic substances have?
Giant ionic
What structure do metallic substances have?
Giant metallic
What structures do covalent susbtances have?
Giant covalent or simple covalent
What do substances need to conduct electricity?
Charged particles that can move
Why can metals conduct electricity?
The delocalised electrons are free to move
Why can't ionic compounds conduct electricity when solid?
The ions are not free to move
Why can ionic compounds conduct electricity when molten or aqueous?
The ions are free to move
Why can't simple covalent substances conduct electricity?
They have no charged particles
Which structures have substances with high boiling points?
Giant covalent, giant ionic and giant metallic
Which structures have substances with low boiling points?
Simple covalent
What bonds break when giant ionic compounds melt and boil?
Ionic
What bonds break when giant covalent compounds melt and boil?
Covalent
What bonds break when giant metallic compounds melt and boil?
Metallic
What bonds break when simple covalent substances melt and boil?
Weak intermolecular forces
When can ionic compounds conduct electricity?
When molten or aqueous
Why do giant ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points?
The strong ionic bonds require lots of energy to break
Why do giant covalent compounds have high melting and boiling points?
The strong covalent bonds require lots of energy to break
Why do giant metallic compounds have high melting and boiling points?
The strong metallic bonds require lots of energy to break
Why do simple covalent substances have low metling and boiling points?
The weak intermolecular forces do not require much energy to break
What type of bond links the atoms in polymers?
Covalent bonds
Why do polymers have higher melting and boiling points than small molecules?
The intermolecular forces are stronger in polymers and so require more energy to break
What are alloys?
A mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal
Why are metals mixed with other elements to form alloys?
Metals are too soft for many uses
Why are alloys harder than pure metals? (2)
The atoms in alloys are different sizes
This distorts the layers of atoms and prevents them from sliding
Why can metals conduct thermal energy?
energy is transferred by the delocalised electrons
What element is diamond made up of?
Carbon
What element is graphite made up of?
Carbon
What element is graphene made up of?
Carbon
How many covalent bonds can a carbon atom form?
4
How many covalent bonds do the carbon atoms form in graphite?
3
How many covalent bonds do the carbon atoms form in graphene?
3
How many covalent bonds do the carbon atoms form in diamond?
4
Why does graphite conduct electricity?
Each carbon atom contains one delocalised electron that is free to move
Why does graphene conduct electricity?
Each carbon atom contains one delocalised electron that is free to move
Why can't diamond conduct electricity? (2)
Each carbon atom forms 4 covalent bonds
There are no delocalised electrons that are free to move and carry charge
Why is graphite slippery?
When a force is applied the weak forces between the layers are broken, allowing the layers to slide
What bonds connect the carbon atoms in graphite?
Covalent bonds
What connects the layers in graphite?
Weak forces
What bonds connect the carbon atoms in diamond?
Covalent bonds
What bonds connect the carbon atoms in graphene?
Covalent bonds
How are the carbon atoms arranged in graphite?
Hexagonal rings in layers
How are the carbon atoms arranged in graphene?
Hexagonal rings
Why does diamond have a high melting and boiling point?
The millions of strong covalent bonds require lots of energy to break
Which bonds break when diamond melts and boils?
Strong covalent bonds
What bonds break when graphite melts?
Strong covalent bonds
What bonds break when graphene melts?
Strong covalent bonds
Why does graphite have a high melting and boiling point?
The millions of strong covalent bonds require lots of energy to break
What are fullerenes?
Molecules of carbon atoms with hollow shapes
How are the carbon atoms arranged in fullerenes?
In rings of 5, 6 or 7 carbon atoms
What shape does Buckminsterfullerene have?
Spherical
How many carbon atoms does a molecule of Buckminsterfullerene have?
60
What was the first fullerene to be discovered called?
Buckminsterfullerene
What are carbon nanotubes?
Cylindrical fullerenes with a very high length to diameter ratio
What are nanotubes used for?
Nanotechnology, electronics and materials
What can fullerenes be used for?
To deliver a drug to a part of the body
Why are nanotubes used in electronics?
They conduct electricity and are light weight
Why are nanotubes used in tennis rackets?
They provide strength but do not add much weight
What is the diameter of nanoparticles?
1- 100 nm
What is the diameter of fine particles (PM₂.₅)?
100 - 2500 nm
What is the diameter of coarse particles (PM₁₀) ?
2.5 x 10 ⁻⁶ m - 1 x 10⁻⁵ m (2500 - 10 000 nm)
When the side of a cube decreases by a factor of ten, what happens to the surface area to volume ratio?
Increases by a factor of 10
What are some uses of nanoparticles? (4)
Medical treatments
Suncreams
Electronics
Catalysts