Fluency

Stuttering, Cluttering, and Neurogenic Stuttering

What two variables are significant in prompting a judgement of stuttering?

Frequency of dysfluencies, number of iterations

Stuttering typically begins during early childhood between the ages of ___ and ___ years.

3 and 6

Familial prevalence is higher in families of a _____ who stutters.

Female

Children, at the time of stuttering onset, may be dysfluent on ___ words and ___ words.

Function, content

Adults are typically dysfluent on ___ words.

Content

What are some associated motor behaviors (Secondary Stutterings) associated with stuttering?

Excessive muscular effort

Various facial grimaces

Various hand and foot movements

Rapid eye blinking

Lip pursing

In the speech of adults and school-aged children who stutter, stuttering is most likely to occur on:

Consonants rather than vowels

The first sound/syllable/word

Longer and less frequently used words

Content words

What is **adaptation**?

By the 5th reading passage, the most reduction in stuttering will occur when the individual is reading aloud (Temporary).

What is the **Consistency Effect**?

When individuals reread the same passage after weeks of interval.

What is the **Adjacency Effect**?

The occurrence of new stuttering on words that surround previously stuttered words.

What is the **Audience Size Effect**?

The frequency of stuttering increases with an increase in audience size/increase in the number of listeners.

Overall, those who stutter…

Do not have a distinct personality that may be causally related to their stuttering.

Are not clinically maladjusted.

May have low self-esteem, possibly due to their stuttering.

Anxiety in speaking situations may be an ___, not a cause, of stuttering.

Effect

Research on parents of people who stutter:

Do not exhibit unique personality patterns.

Are not clinically maladjusted or neurotic.

They may exhibit a somewhat higher standard of behavior and be somewhat more critical of their children.

What is the **Dual Diathesis Stressor Model**?

Causes of stuttering are not necessarily the external demands themselves (Stressors), but the inadequate coping with those demands because of diathesis (An inherited predisposition to have various problems).

What is the **Leading-Edge Hypothesis**?

Speech disruptions of typically developing children tend to occur on more advanced sentence structures the child is about to learn.

What is **malingered** stuttering?

Fake stuttering exhibited to gain an advantage.

What is **psychogenic** stuttering?

Not consciously fabricated to gain an advantage. The individual may be unaware of the origin of the problem. May be associated with depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress, and other psychiatric disorders.

What is the Demands and Capacities Model?

It states that stuttering may occur when the demands for fluency exceed a child’s capacity to perform at a level required by these demands.

Within a **Stuttering Modification** treatment approach, emphasis is placed on:

Reduced fears and avoidance

Teaching client to be more fluent by various techniques to modify stuttering

Fluency maintained by reduction of fears and avoidance

Within a Fluency Shaping treatment approach, emphasis is placed on:

Modifying the fluent aspects of speaking using a variety of techniques.

Examples of Stuttering Modification techniques:

Cancellation

Pull-Out

Preparatory Sets

Examples of Fluency Shaping techniques:

Easy Onset

Light Articulatory Contacts

Rate Reduction