Cognition and Development AO3/Research Studies

Wimmer and Perner

Maxi & the Chocolate

Bloom and German

False belief tasks flawed - requires other cognitive ability e.g. language & memory. can have TOM & struggle with false belief tasks

Cheung et al

physiological evidence of stronger Mirror neuron activity in women than men

Fitzgerald and White

Higher perspective taking ability in kids = less aggressive & more prosocial behaviour BUT social experience influences perspective taking not just cognitive maturation

Marton et al

ADHD kids worse at Selman style perspective taking dilemas than control - BUT girls more empathetic

Gurucharri and Selman

longitudinal study - All went through Selman's stages in order, none skipped stages, none regressed

Hespos and Van Marle

Regardless of experience infants have a good understanding of basic physical properties, for instance if keys are dropped they will fall & make noise - requires PRS

Roazzi and Bryant

Found children who received more help from experts gave more accurate estimates of number of sweets in a box than those who didn't receive support

Siegler and Svetina

Found that 5 year olds were able to develop their understanding of class inclusion after receiving feedback over 10 sessions of class inclusion tasks. Contradicts Piaget's view that class inclusion is not possible before 7 years of age.

Haker et al

ASD group self reported less empathy & yawned less than control group - in response to yawn videos

Depretto et al

fMRIs of ASD group showed less activation in frontal lobe mirror neuron system while observing facial expressions than a control group

Iacoboni

mirror neurons more active when watching teacup lifted with intention (drinking/clearing) than with no context or intention

Ramachandran

mirror neurons key to imitation learning as a social species & "the great leap forward" in human evolution

Rizzolatti et al

activity in F5 in promotor cortex both when macaque monkeys observed & experienced picking up food

Baron-Cohen

Mind Blindness - those with ASD lack TOM

Meltzoff

Copying placing Beads in a jar - children dropped or not - support for TOM understanding intention

Wu and Keysar

Chinese children perspective taking = better than USA kids - limits universality of Selman's theory/levels

Keer and Verhaeghe

7 yr olds tutored by 10 yr olds = progressed further in reading than control - support for crossing ZPD with MKO

Conner and Cross

Longitudinal study, problem solving tasks with mum's help - declining levels of help over time - supports scaffolding

Brunner

Concept of scaffolding

McGarrigle and Donaldson

Naughty Teddy study
Concrete operational stage
Accidental movement of sweets
Showed number conservation at an earlier age than Piaget.

Bower and Wishart

tested object permanence by turning off lights to see if infants still reached for the toy - yes as young as 3 months (could've been randomly though)

Hughes

Policeman doll study
Looking into egocentricity.
Less confusing than piaget's mountains, showed egocentrism stopped at a younger age than Piaget

Kagan

Temperament research: children differ in curiosity, persistence, and willingness to engage - challenges Piaget 'innate drive to learn'

Howe et al

found children working together to understand motion of objects down slope found different conclusions - supports discovery learning based on individual existing schemas

Keysers & Wicker

imaged brains inhaling noxious odours & watching actor wrinkle nose in disgust. Both activated anterior insula of olfactory area

Tager-Flusberg

ASD may not be explained by TOM deficit - not specific to ASD & not missing in all ASD people. Also doesn't explain all ASD characteristics e.g. superior visual attention