History Review Final

Woodrow Wilson

• U.S. president during World War I

• Led the U.S. through WWI (1917–1918 involvement)

• Proposed the Fourteen Points peace plan

• Helped create the idea for the League of Nations

• Focused on making the world “safe for democracy”

Warren G. Harding

• U.S. President after WW1

• Promoted returning to normal life after the war

• Focused on business growth/laissez-faire

• Supported isolationist foreign policy

• Corrupt scandals

Calvin Coolidge

• Became president after Harding

• Led during Roaring Twenties (economic boom)

• Believed in small gov. low taxes

• Supported big business and limited regulation

Prohibition

Ban on alcohol from 1920-1933 under the 18th Amendment

Buying on Margin

Buying stocks with borrowed money, people did this, because they believed stock prices would keep going up

Scopes Trial

Famous court case about whether schools could teach evolution

Teacher, John T. Scopes was accused of breaking a law that banned Darwin’s Theory

Became a national debate on traditional beliefs vs. modern science

Scopes was found guilty and fined

Spirit of St. Louis

Airplane flew by Charles Lindbergh during the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean

Flew from NYC to Paris in 33 hrs

Nativism

Belief that immigrants were a threat to American jobs, cultures, and values

Flappers

Young women who challenged traditional rules by wearing shorter dresses, cutting their hair short, dancing and becoming more independent

Speakeasy

Secret illegal bar during Prohibition

Harlem Renaissance

Cultural movement where African American writers, artists and musicians gained national attention

“Black Tuesday”

The day U.S. stock market completely crashed,

Millions of people rushed to sell their stocks but there were no buyers

People stopped buying goods, so businesses went down

Businesses cut jobs cause they couldnt’ pay the workers

Banks failed since people couldn’t pay loans

Cultural changes in America w/respect to women and African Americans

Women

• Gained more freedom after 19th amendment

• Flappers represented their freedom (shorter clothes, smoked and drank publicly)

• Started working outside the home

African Americans

• Moved North during the Great Migration to look for jobs/avoid segregation

• Created the Harlem Renaissance, celerbated African American culture/identity

How did cities change in 1920s

• Grew quickly:

  • more factories created jobs

  • immigrants moved into cities

  • tech improved transportation

Cities became the center for:

• Movies

• Sports

• Jazz clubs

• Departement stores

New Tech/Household Items in 1920s

• Radios

• Refrigerators

• Washing machines

• Vaccum cleaners

• Telephones

• Cars

How did Prohibition lead to crime

• illegal bars

• Bootlegging (illegal alc selling)

• Gangs made huge profit

Some of the great artists of Harlem Renaissance

Langston Hughes: Poet

Louis Armstrong: Jazz musician

Duke Ellington: Jazz musician

How did Laissez-Faire lead to prosperity in the U.S.

The gov:

• lowered taxes

• reduced regulations

• helped businesses grow

Led to:

• Investement

• mass production

• consumer spending

At first the economy boomed

Difference between Republicans and Democrats with foreign and domestic policy

Domestic policy:

• What the gov does inside the US

• deals with

  • taxes

  • jobs/businesses

  • immigration

Foreign policy

• How the U.S. deals with other countries

  • War/peace decisions

  • Alliances

Republicans:

DP: Pro-business, low taxes, strict immigration

FP: Isolationism

Democrats

DP: More support for workers/farmers

FP: Engage in International cooperation

What factors led to the Stock Market Crash of 1929?

People bought stocks on margin (borrowed money), overproduction of goods, unequal wealth distribution, risky bank investments in stocks, and panic selling when prices started falling.

Why was the economic devastation of the Crash so far-reaching?

Banks failed, people lost savings, businesses closed, unemployment rose, demand for goods dropped, and the crisis spread worldwide through trade and loans. This led to the Great Depression.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

• U.S. President during Great Depression and most of WW2

• Created New Deal

• Increases gov. involvement in economy

• Led US through WW2

“Rugged Individualism”

The belief, strongly supported by Herbert Hoover, that people should solve their own problems through hard work and self-reliance rather than depending too much on the government for help.

“Riding the rails”

A phrase used during the Great Depression for people, especially unemployed men and teens, who traveled illegally on freight trains looking for jobs or better opportunities.

Migrant Mother

A famous photograph taken by Dorothea Lange in 1936 showing a struggling mother during the Great Depression. It became a symbol of poverty and hardship in the era.

Dust Bowl

A period in the 1930s when severe drought and poor farming practices caused massive dust storms across the Great Plains, destroying farms and forcing many families to move west.

Bonus Army

A group of World War I veterans who marched on Washington in 1932 demanding early payment of promised bonuses because many were struggling financially during the Great Depression.

“Fireside Chats”

Radio speeches given by Franklin D. Roosevelt to calmly explain government policies and reassure Americans during the Great Depression and World War II.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

A New Deal program that gave jobs to young men working on environmental projects such as planting trees, building parks, and preventing soil erosion.

New Deal

A series of programs and reforms created by Franklin D. Roosevelt to provide relief, recovery, and reform during the Great Depression.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

A government agency created during the New Deal that protects people’s bank deposits if a bank fails, helping restore trust in banks.

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

A government agency created to regulate the stock market and prevent fraud and unfair practices after the stock market crash.

Fair Labor Standards Act

A law that established a minimum wage, maximum working hours, and restrictions on child labor in the United States.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

A New Deal program that built dams and power plants in the Tennessee Valley region to provide electricity, create jobs, and improve economic conditions.

Social Security Act

A law that created Social Security, providing financial support for elderly people, unemployed workers, and some disabled Americans.

Why did President Hoover follow a laissez-faire policy after the Stock Market Crash?

Hoover believed in rugged individualism and thought people and businesses should recover on their own with limited government intervention.

How did Hoover’s approach to the Great Depression differ from Franklin D. Roosevelt’s?

Hoover wanted limited government involvement, while Roosevelt believed the federal government should take direct action through New Deal programs to help Americans recover.

What did Franklin D. Roosevelt mean by “We have nothing to fear but fear itself”?

He meant that panic and hopelessness were making the Great Depression worse, and Americans needed confidence and optimism to recover.

What were the “3 R’s” of the New Deal?

Relief for struggling Americans, Recovery for the economy, and Reform to prevent future economic crises.

How did the New Deal change the relationship between citizens and the federal government?

It expanded the federal government’s role by making it responsible for providing economic support, jobs, and protections for citizens during hard times.

U.S. Foreign Policy Dates

1920-1941

How did WW2 began?

Germany invades Poland

Red Scare

Period of intense public fear in the U.S. due to the threat of communism and left-wing ideologies (social equality and elimination of social hierarchies)

Result: Americans were even more supportive of isolationsim and immigration restrictions

Washington Naval Conference

• Meeting where countries around the world agreed to limit how many warships they could build

They did this to:

• Avoid another war

• Save money

• Reduce competition between navies

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

• A high tariff passed in 1922. 

• Placed on imported goods (goods coming from foreign countries)

•  Protects Americans businesses from foreign competition

• Foreign goods became more expensive

• Trade between nations decreased.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

• Passed in 1930 during the Great Depression

• Raised tariffs even higher

• International trade collapsed further

Kellogg-Briand Pact

• Countries promised not to use war to solve problems/conflicts

• Problems can be solved with talking (diplomacy) instead of fighting

• No real enforcement was made

Americans hoped peace could be kept without needing military action

Axis Powers and Allied Powers

Axis: Germany, Italy, Japan

Allied: Britain, France, Soviet Union

Franklin Roosevelt’s attitude toward isolationism

FDR was not fully isolationist. He believed the U.S. should stay out of war at first, but later helped other countries and prepared for possible involvement.

In the beginning of WW2, America stayed neutral, but then Roosevelt started to help countries fight Germany.

Good Neighbor Policy

U.S. foreign policy that said the U.S. wouldn’t interfere with internal affairs of Latin American countries and would be respectful and friendly neighbors. (FDR)

Cash and Carry

Countries like Britain and France could buy weapons from the U.S, but they had to pay immediately in cash, and pick up/transport the weapons themselves. 

Why:

• U.S. wanted to help countries fight Germany and Italy

• But still wanted to stay neutral

Lend-Lease Act

• U.S. program that let America send weapons and supplies to the Axis Powers, especially Britain and later the Soviet Union, without them paying right away

Importance:

• U.S. was still neutral

• But was trying to help the Allies win the war

Atlantic Charter

• An agreement between FDR and British PM Winston Churchill on what the world should look like after WW2

• No countries should take land from others by force

• People should choose their own gov. 

• Countries should work together for peace/economic cooperation

• Freedom of trade and the seas

• An organization should exist to keep peace

United Nations

• An organization should exist to keep peace (the United Nations, which the U.S. was a part of, to prevent war)

12/7/1941

Pearl Harbor Ends Isolationism

• Japan attacks the U.S. naval base at Attack on Pearl Harbor

• Thousands of Americans were killed

• Overnight, Americans declared war on Japan. Germany declared war on the U.S. 

• America enters WW2. 

WW2 Dates and when does the U.S. join WW2?

1939-1945

Dec. 8th 1941