ID Final-O' Donnel Disease States

What microbe causes tuberculosis?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

How does Mycobacterium tuberculosis cause disease?

-spread through aerosol droplets; primarily infects the respiratory tract, particularly ___ ___

-can also spread to lymph nodes

alveolar macrophages

How does Mycobacterium tuberculosis cause disease?

-disease is caused by ___ ___ ___ (CMI)

cell mediated immunity

How does cell-mediated immunity work in TB?

1. IFN cannot fully activate the macrophage (so TB remains in cell)

2. More T cells enter the lung

3. Prolonged ____ response (kills lung tissue, but not TB)

4. ___ results (hole in lung tissue)

inflammatory, cavitation

How does Mycobacterium tuberculosis cause disease?

-TB can remain ___ in granulomas for years. During this time, the patient is asymptomatic. However, the TB can exit latency if the immune system ___

dormant, weakend

granulomas = __ cells and other ___ surrounding TB infected macrophages in a "collar"

T, macrophages

What microbe causes Hansen's Disease or Leprosy?

Mycobacterium leprae

How does Mycobacterium leprae cause disease?

-chronically infects the __ and __ ___

skin, peripheral nerves

Which microbe is part of the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) along with M. intracellulare?

Mycobacterium avium

What virus causes a CNS disease called Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)?

JC Virus (polyomavirus)

What virus commonly causes diarrhea in children?

Rotavirus

Dengue Virus causes "___ fever" and ____ fever in severe cases

breakbone, hemorrhagic

How does Dengue Virus cause disease?

-utilizes ___-__ enhancement

antibody-dependent

How does Dengue Virus cause disease?

-antibody-dependent enhancement → in second Dengue infection, ____ antibodies that were previously generated against a different strain of DENV are present in body

heterotypic

How does Dengue Virus cause disease?

-antibody-dependent enhancement → the heterotypic antibodies bind to the Dengue virus, but are ___-___ (useless bc does not block function of the virus)

non-neutralizing

How does Dengue Virus cause disease?

-antibody-dependent enhancement → ___ pull in the heterotypic antibodies that are attached to Dengue; Dengue ____ in the macrophage

macrophages, replicates

What yeast causes Oral Candidiasis, Thrush, and Vulvovaginal Candidiasis?

Candida Albicans

What yeast is the most common cause of nosocomial candidaemia and forms biofilms?

Candida Tropicalis

What yeast is seen in 20% of pediatric patients with bloodstream infections?

Candida Glabrata

What yeast species causes meningitis and pneumonia?

Cryptococcus

What new strain of cryptococcus causes lethal disease in healthy people?

Cryptococcus gatti

What dimorphic yeast causes "Ohio Valley Disease," "Caver's Disease," and histoplasmosis?

Histoplasma

What dimorphic yeast causes Valley Fever or San Joaquin Fever?

Coccidiodes

How do dimorphic yeasts (histoplasma, blastomyces, coccidiodes) cause disease?

-___ ___ between yeast form (more pathogenic) and mycelial form

phase transition

What dermaphyte causes ringworm?

Tinea Corporis

What dermaphyte affects scalps/hair follicles?

Tinea Capitis

What dermaphyte causes jock itch?

Tinea Cruris

What dermaphyte causes Athlete's foot?

Tinea Pedia

How do dermaphyte infections (tinea) cause disease?

-produce extraceullar enzymes called ___ that hydrolyze keratin in the skin

-___ in the cell wall inhibit the host immune response

keratinases, mannans

What fungus is associated with seasonal allergies and lung infections?

Aspergillus

How does Aspergillus cause disease?

-Inhalation of ___ (spores) into the lungs

-In patients with preexisting lung damage, spores can grow into a fungus ball (___)

-Invasion can spread beyond lungs, potentially fungal meningitis

conida, aspergilloma

What fungal infection is opportunistic and affects the sinuses, brain, and lung?

Mucormyosis

How does influenza cause disease?

-The immune response contributes to pathogenesis of influenza via ___ ___ and ___ ___

interferon production, cytokine storm

How does influenza cause disease?

-interferon production is ____ for clearance of influenza (but makes you feel terrible; numerous side effects like fever, aches, chills)

required

How does influenza cause disease?

-cytokine storm = massive overproduction of cytokines

-associated with ___ of otherwise healthy people

death

How does influenza cause disease?

-Loss of cilia is a ___ ___ (CPE) of the influenza virus

-Result = Patients are more susceptible to opportunistic infections like pneumonia

cytopathic effect

Anti-Viral Therapy for Influenza

-What envelope protein is the goal for vaccination (target of neutralizing antibodies)?

hemagglutinin

Anti-Viral Therapy for Influenza

-What envelope protein is inhibited by most influenza drugs?

neuraminidase

Anti-Viral Therapy for Influenza

-What protein (that is a part of RDRP), can we inhibit with Baloxavir?

Polymerase acidic (PA) protein

How does influenza cause disease?

-virus can undergo reassortment (example of ___ ___)-which is responsible for pandemics

-antigenic drift also occurs and is due to mutations from RDRP

antigenic shift

What causes the Common Cold?

-____ (30-50%)

-____

-____

-other

Rhinoviruses, Coronaviruses, Adenoviruses

How do Rhinoviruses cause the common cold?

-does not kill the epithelium, but instead disrupts ___ ___ to increase vascular leakage and mucus production

tight junctions

How do Rhinoviruses cause the common cold?

-most symptoms of the infection are caused by the immune response (high levels of __-__ and other cytokines)

IL-8

How do Rhinoviruses cause the common cold?

-increased prostaglandins trigger ___ response (makes you sneeze)

parasympathetic

How does SARS-CoV2 cause disease?

-binds to _____ receptor on host cells (found in many tissues, which is why the disease is not limited to our respiratory tract)

ACE2

SARS-CoV2 infection can cause mild respiratory infection, pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (___), ___ conditions, and ___ complications

ARDS, Cardiac, CNS

SARS-CoV2 infection can cause ARDS, which is a serious lung condition that causes __ to build up in the lungs

fluid

SARS-CoV2 infection can cause cardiac complications via __ of angiotensin system and possibly ___ ___

dysregulation, cytokine storm

SARS-CoV2 infection can cause CNS complications including loss of smell and taste, acute __ disease, ___, and ___-___ syndrome

cerebrovascular, encephalitis, Guillain-Barre

Anti-Viral Therapy for SARS-CoV2

-we can target the ___ ___ for vaccination (generate neutralizing antibodies)

spike protein

Anti-Viral Therapy for SARS-CoV2

-we can target ___ in the early disease course with Paxlovid

protease

Anti-Viral Therapy for SARS-CoV2

-we can target ___ in the early disease course with Molnupirivir

RDRP

Anti-Viral Therapy for SARS-CoV2

-we can target the cytokines/pathways in the late disease course with __-__ inhibitors and ___ inhibitors

IL-6, JAK

Anti-Viral Therapy for SARS-CoV2

-we can target the cytokines/pathways in the late disease course with systemic ___

corticosteroids

What herpes virus causes cold sores, fever blisters, genital herpes, and is the leading cause of acquired blindness in the US?

HSV-1 (Herpes Labialis)

What herpes virus is the primary cause of genital herpes?

HSV-2

Both HSV-1 and HSV-2 can cause serious complications in neonates, including skin lesions and eye involvement, with the most severe manifestation being ___ infection (CNS involvement), which can be life-threatening.

disseminated

How do HSV-1 and HSV-2 cause disease?

-become latent in ___ ___ (HSV-1 latency occurs best in trigeminal ganglia, and HSV-2 latency occurs best in sacral ganglia)

-lytic phase occurs in ___ cells (blisters)

sensory neurons, epithelial

How do HSV-1 and HSV-2 cause disease?

-reactivation is triggered by ___ (physical and mental) and ___ changes

stresses, hormonal

How do HSV-1 and HSV-2 cause disease?

-after reactivation, viral replication begins in the nucleus of the neuron

-virions are transported down the axon to the skin

-causes ___ at the surface of the skin

lesions

Anti-Viral Therapy for HSV-1 and HSV-2

-These viruses encode a ___ ___ ___, which activates Acyclovir

(activated drug then inhibits viral DNA polymerase)

viral thymidine kinase

What herpes virus causes chicken pox as a child and shingles as an adult?

VZV

How does VZV cause disease?

-child is infected with chicken pox and starts as respiratory infection; rash starts 10 days later as infected ___ carry VZV throughout the body

lymphocytes

How does VZV cause disease?

-as an adult, VZV can be reactivated as immunity wanes, which can lead to __-__ ___

post-herpetic neuralgia

What herpes virus causes Infectious Mononucleosis, Burkitt's Lymphoma, and can trigger Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?

Epstein-Barr Virus

How does Epstein-Barr Virus cause disease?

-replicates in ___ cells

-in the tonsils, the virus is released into the ____ (kissing disease)

-illness typically lasts for a month (starts as fever and sore throat, progresses to fatigue, enlarged lymph nodes/spleen)

-remains ___ in B cells

B, saliva, latent

What herpes virus is latent in dendritic cells but can become a problem for the immunosuppressed, and is the most common congenital infection in the US (can lead to developmental delays and microcephaly)?

CMV

What herpes virus can cause Kaposi's Sarcoma (cancer of blood vessels and lymph vessels)?

Herpesvirus Type 8

What herpes viruses cause Sixth' Disease (ie exanthium subitum, rosela infantum), which affects kids <5 and involved high fever, rash, and febrile seizures?

Herpesvirus Type 6, Herpesvirus Type 7

What parasite causes enterobiasis (itchy anal region, disturbed sleep)?

Pinworm

How do pinworms cause disease?

-spread via fecal-oral route

-when host is asleep, the female pinworm will emerge from the anus and lay ____, which leads to itching

eggs

What parasite is associated with most severe cases of malaria?

Plasmodium falciparum

What parasite is the most common cause of malaria?

Plasmodium vivax

How does the Plasmodium spp. cause Malaria?

-Sexual reproduction in mosquitoes and asexual reproduction in humans

-Infect hepatocytes first → then invade ____

RBCs

How does the Plasmodium spp. cause Malaria?

-Uncomplicated Malaria:

-malarial paroxysms develop, which are cycles of intense cold, intense heat/headache, and profuse sweating/exhaustion

-cause of fever = RBC ____ and release new ___ (ie release next set of parasites that go on to infect next set of RBCs)

rupture, merozoites

How does the Plasmodium spp. cause Malaria?

-Complicated Malaria:

-Plasmodium falciparum can block ___ in different organs (viral load is so high that it causes "clogs")

capillaries

How do ectoparasites cause Lice?

-Completing their life cycle on the host (__ → ___ → ___)

eggs, nymphs, adults

How do ectoparasites cause Scabies?

-lay eggs in upper layer of __

-infection with thousands of mites/eggs = ___ ___

skin, crusted scabies

What bacteria causes the travel infection Leptospirosis?

Leptospira

How does Leptospira cause disease?

-the __ end of the spirochete bacteria allows for burrowing into tissues, leading to interference with __ binding and systemic infection

hooked, complement

What flaviviruses can cause febrile illness?

all (Dengue, Zika, West Nile, JEV, St. Louis)

What flaviviruses can cause arthritis?

Dengue, Zika

What flavivirus can cause arthritis that progresses to hemorrhagic fever?

Dengue

What flavivirus can cause arthritis that microcephaly?

Zika

What flaviviruses can cause encephalitis?

West Nile, JEV, St. Louis, rarely Dengue

How does HIV cause disease?

-Infecting and destroying ___ T helper cells

-Leading to opportunistic infections and AIDS

CD4

Anti-Viral Therapy

-What are the 2 viral proteins we can inhibit to prevent viral entry in HIV?

gp120, gp41

Anti-Viral Therapy

What drug binds to gp120 and blocks CD4 binding?

Rukobia

Anti-Viral Therapy

What drug binds to CD4 and and prevents gp120 from attaching?

Trogarzo

Anti-Viral Therapy

What drug inhibits CCR5?

Maraviroc

Anti-Viral Therapy

Which drug binds to gp41 and blocks it from snapping shut and fusing membranes together?

Fuzeon

___ is mediated by gp120

attachment

___ is mediated by gp41

fusion

Anti-Viral Therapy

-What are the 2 viral proteins we can inhibit to prevent viral replication in HIV?

reverse transcriptase, integrase

Anti-Viral Therapy

-What are the 2 viral proteins we can inhibit to prevent viral maturation and assembly?

protease, capsid