Most Important Biology Diagrams and Concepts

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covering key biological structures, physiological systems, genetics, and biotechnology processes as outlined in the lecture diagrams.

Animal cell

A eukaryotic cell structure containing various organelles, distinct from plant cells by the absence of a cell wall.

Prokaryotic cell

A type of cell found in bacteria that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus.

Mitochondria

An organelle with a labeled structure including the cristae and the matrix.

Chloroplast

A plant organelle containing structural components such as grana, stroma, and thylakoids.

Nucleus

The cell organelle that contains chromatin and the nucleolus.

DNA double helix

The molecular structure of DNA characterized by base pairing and a sugar-phosphate backbone.

Leaf structure

The anatomical organization of a leaf including the stomata, mesophyll, xylem, and phloem.

Photosynthesis diagram

A representation showing both the light and dark reactions of the process.

Transpiration

The process of water movement through a plant and its evaporation from aerial parts, such as through stomata.

Xylem and phloem

The vascular tissues responsible for the transport of water and nutrients within a plant.

Seed and embryo

The reproductive structures of plants, categorized into dicot and monocot types.

L.S. of flower

The longitudinal section view showing the internal structure of a flower.

Digestive system

The system comprising the human alimentary canal and associated glands.

Respiratory system

The system consisting of the lungs, alveoli, and the diaphragm.

Circulatory system

The bodily system that includes heart structure and blood circulation.

Excretory system

The system involving the kidney and the nephron structure.

Neuron

The fundamental unit and structure of the nervous system.

Endocrine glands

Glands such as the thyroid, adrenal, and pituitary, identified by their specific locations in the body.

Bacteriophage

A virus that infects and replicates within bacteria, identified by its specific structure.

Binary fission

The method of asexual reproduction used by bacteria.

Mendel’s crosses

Genetic experiments consisting of monohybrid and dihybrid crosses to study inheritance.

Punnett square

A diagrammatic tool used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment.

Darwin’s finches

A classic example of adaptive radiation used to illustrate evolution.

Pyramid of energy

A diagram representing the energy flow within an ecosystem.

Recombinant DNA technology

The process of biotechnology used to manipulate genetic material between different organisms.

PCR cycle

A biotechnology process (Polymerase Chain Reaction) used to amplify segments of DNA.

Gel electrophoresis

A laboratory setup used to separate macromolecules, such as DNA, based on size.

Bioreactor

An apparatus or vessel in which a biological reaction or process is carried out, especially on an industrial scale.