Exam 4 Bio 242

digestion refers to ___

mechanical and chemical breakdown of food

which of the following description best matches the term myenteric plexus?

coordinates activity

what is the order of the layers of the digestive tract in the order from lumen to the deepest layer?

1. lamina propria

2. muscularis externa

3. submucosa

4. digestive (mucous) epithelium

5. serosa

6. muscularis mucosae

4, 1, 6, 3, 2, 5

the function of oral cavity include all of the following except?

absorption of monosaccharides.

increased secretion by all the salivary glands results from ____

parasympathetic stimulation

what phase happens first during deglutition?

buccal

Functions of the stomach include all of the following except_____

absorption of triglycerides

what do chief cells secrete?

pepsinogen

gastric phases

what is the structure labeled “3”

longitudinal muscle layer

what is structure “2“

what is the structure “1”

what is the structure “4”

what is the labeled structure “5”

what is the labeled structure “6”

what is the labeled structure “7”

what is the labeled structure “7”

what is the labeled structure “8”

what is the labeled structure “9”

what is the labeled structure “10”

what is the labeled structure “11”

what is the labeled structure “12 ”

a proenzyme secreted by the pancreas is _____

rugae

a drug that blocks the action of the hormone cholecystokinin would affect all of the following expect ___

absorption of water in the large intestines

the middle segment of the small intestine is the ____

jejunum

in response to the arrival of acidic chyme in the duodenum, the ___

blood levels of secretin rise

why is lipid digestion more impaired by damage to the exocrine pancreas than it is with carbohydrate or protein digestion?

all of the above

the liver has more than 200 critical function, which is NOT a liver function?

secretion of CCK and storage/concentration of bile

in clinical settings, patients are sometimes given solutions of paolyethylene glycol, which CAN’T be absorbed by the body. Why?

When there is a drop in blood pressure, the juxtaglomerular cells respond by secreting which of the following?

Epinephrine

Angiotensin

Renin

Aldosterone

Angiotensin converting enzyme

Your uncle has been diagnosed with renal insufficiency and placed on dialysis. He asks you why he has to take EPO now as well. What do you tell him?

Diseased kidneys no longer produce enough EPO, which can lead to anemia.

Diseased kidneys no longer produce enough EPO, which can lead to hyperthyroidism.

Diseased kidneys no longer produce enough EPO, which can lead to hypertension.

Diseased kidneys no longer produce enough EPO, which can lead to weight gain.

Diseased kidneys no longer produce enough EPO, which can lead to hypercalcemia.

what is the function of the structure labeled “1”?

what is the function of the structure labeled “2”?

what is the function of the structure labeled “3”?

what is the function of the structure labeled “4”

what is the function of the structure labeled “5”?

what is the function of the structure labeled “6”?

what is the function of the structure labeled “7”

protection from bacteria

what is the function of the structure labeled “8”

what is the function of the structure labeled “9”

what is the function of the structure labeled “10”

what is the function of the structure labeled “11”

an obstruction of a ureter by a kidney stone limits the flow of urine between which two points?

renal pelvis and urinary bladder

around the last 15 cm of the digestive tract is the __

rectum

absorption of glucose from the gut lumen depends on all of the following expect a _____

emulsification forming small micelles

if digestion of a carbohydrate results in equal amounts of glucose and galactose, this carbohydrate is most likely ___

lactose

which area(s) allow variable water reabsorption and is/are sensitive to the hormone ADH?

5 and 6

the cells of the macula densa, the juxtaglomerular cells, and the extraglomerular mesangial cells form the _____

juxtaglomerular complex

the process that transports solutes, including many drugs, into the tubular fluid is called _____

secretion

which of the following formulas will allow you to calculate correctly the net filtration pressure (NFP)? (Hint: CsHP iscapsular hydrostatic pressure)

FP = GHP + (CsHP + BCAOP)

reabsorption of filtered glucose from the lumen in the PCT is largely by the means of ___

contransport

which of the following is not a normal constituent of urine?

large proteins

the mechanism for producing a concentrated urine involves all of the following except ____

obligatory water reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule

as the filtrate passes through the renal tubules, approximately what percentage is reabsorbed and returned to the circulation?

99%

in response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce ___

urine with a lower concentration of sodium ions

which of the following is a not a true statement regarding the countercurrent multiplication system?

osmotic concentration in the nephron loop decreases as fluid flows toward the bottom of the loop

what statement is false regarding the micturition?

stretch receptors in the bladder are stimulated by the warm temperature of the urine

which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system?

introduction of plasma protein into blood plasma

the openings of the urethra and the two ureters mark an area on the internal surface of the urinary bladder called the _________

trigone

what is the initial factor that determines whether urine will be produced?

filtration

the region of the kidney containing the renal pyramids, renal columns, and interlobar arteries is called the ________

renal medulla

ADH stimulates the reabsorption of water in _______

both the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting system

what are the three concentric layers of connective tissue that protect and anchor the kidneys?

fibrous capsule, perinephric fat capsule, and renal fascia

blood supply to the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the nephron is provided by the __________

peritubular capillaries

in a nephron, the long tubular passageway through which the filtrate passes includes the ______

proximal and distal convoluted tubules and the nephron loop

what is the primary site in the nephron where the loss of water, sodium, and potassium ions is regulated?

distal convoluted tubule

which of the following is NOT reabsorbed in the nephron loop?

bicarbonate

what is the primary site for secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions into the filtrate?

distal convoluted tubule

the filtration of plasma that generates approximately 80 liters/day of filtrate occurs in the ____

renal corpuscle

60 to 70 percent of the water is reabsorbed in the __________

proximal convoluted tubule

which portion of the renal segment is under ADH and aldosterone stimulation?