Chapter 7: Parents and Their School-Age Children

Vocabulary terms and definitions focusing on parental influences, social development, academic achievement, and health for school-age children based on Chapter 7 of Parent-child Relations.

Sense of industry

A quest for competence in school-age children that is assisted when parents encourage new activities, provide materials/instruction, and monitor progress.

Effective parent–child communication

The most significant parent–child interaction identified for supporting children’s self-esteem and positive interactions with others.

Authoritative parenting

A parenting style that contributes to positive peer relationships and high academic achievement through higher levels of empathy and altruism.

Parent-child co-regulation

An example of sharing social power where parents and children plan together, with both individuals having input and responsibilities.

Companionship needs

Social needs that school-age children typically turn to their peers to fulfill, while still turning to parents for attachment needs.

Physical discipline

A method of discipline that parents are more likely to rely on as environments become poorer and more dangerous.

Organized leisure activities

Activities that help children sustain positive peer relationships and provide opportunities to develop friendships across a variety of cultures.

Parental monitoring

The practice of supervising children’s informal leisure activities; lack of this is associated with delinquency and drug use.

Bullies

Children who typically come from homes where parents favor physical discipline, are hostile or rejecting, and accept aggressive behaviors.

Maternal overprotection

A specific parental influence linked to the victimization of boys by bullies.

Complex speech

The use of metaphors, reverse-order sentences, and words with multiple meanings, which parents can use as children develop logical thinking.

Parental aspirations

The academic achievement goals parents have for their children, which serve as salient predictors of academic success.

Iron deficiency

A nutritional deficiency that results in anemia and places children at a disadvantage academically.

Institute of Medicine (IOM) Activity Recommendation

The recommendation that children achieve at least $60\,\text{minutes}$ of moderate to vigorous physical activity per day.

IOM Screen Time Limit

A recommendation to limit TV, video games, cell phones, and computer usage to no more than $2\,\text{hours}$ a day.

IOM Sleep Recommendation

The guideline that school-age children should sleep $10$ to $11\,\text{hours}$ per night.

Free play

Child-organized physical activity that the AAP recommends should not be replaced by organized sports.

Prosocial video games

Media that has been found to increase helpful behavior and decrease hurtful behavior in children.