bio exam 3 - chapter 34 (plant form and function)

humanities most important crops are ____

grasses

a membrane enclosed organelle that makes up the majority of plant cells and stores salts, minerals, nutrients, proteins, pigments, helps in plant growth, and is a support structure (regulates turgor/hydrostatic pressure)

central vacuole

intracellular endosymbiotic cyanobacteria that have a double membrane (synthesize and store carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins

plastids

a permanent primary endosymbiosis event in the ancestor of land plants, green algae, via endosymbiosis with a cyanobacteria (likely called gloeomargarita)

LPCA (last plastid containing common ancestor)

how long ago did LPCA live?

~1.6 Ga

eukaryotic cells evolved when prokaryotic cells engulfed bacterium and became dependent on their functions

Endosymbiosis

we design and engineer artificial photosynthetic endosymbiosis between photosynthetic cyanobacteria and budding yeasts

artificial photosynthetic endosymbiosis

Intracellular endosymbiotic cyanobacteria that have a double membrane

Plastids

Undifferentiated plastids

proplastid

green plastids that perform photosynthesis

chloroplasts

colorless plastids that can store lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins

leucoplasts

plastids that synthesize and store pigments (give flowers, fruits, roots, tubers, and fall leaves their colors)

chromoplasts

chloroplasts are composed of ___, _____, and _____

thylakoids, granum, and stroma

site of the light dependent reactions of photsynthesis

thylakoids

stack of thylakoids

granum

fluidic gel like material between grana

stroma

plastids that synthesize and store startch

Amyloplasts

plastids that synthesize and store lipids - found in embryonic leaves and anthers (lipids sent to pollen)

elaioplasts

plastids that synthesize and store proteins - found in seeds, roots, tubers, and fruits

proteinoplasts

orange, red, and yellow pigments that 1) absorb energy from sunlight and transmit the energy to chlorophyll molecules to boost photosynthesis and 2) act as antioxidants

cartenoids

extracellular matrix that encloses each cell in a plant

cell wall

cellulose microfibrils interwoven with a network of pectin polysaccharides (cellulose, cross linking glycans, and pectin are present in roughly equal amounts in a _______)

primary cell wall

linear glucose polymer that is the primary structural component of plant cell walls

cellulose

the network of ____ and _____ (____) provides _______ (stretchability)

cellulose, cross-linking glycans, sugars, tensile strength

what is the main component of dietary fiber

cellulose

class of compounds consisting of monosaccharides linked glycosidically in different configurations

glycans

a single oxygen atom bonded to two separate carbon atoms; usually between sugars

glycosidic bonds

branched polysaccharides that contain many negatively charged galacturonic acid units

pectins

a sugar acid derived from galactose

galacturonic acid

pectin network resists _____

compression

because of their negative charge, pectins are _______

highly hydrated

cell wall layer rich in pectin that cements adjacent cells together

the middle lamella

a rigid cell wall produced by depositing new layers between the primary cell wall and membrane

secondary cell wall

certain cell types (_____ and _____) develop

secondary cell wall

cellulose that has a branched structure

hemicellulose

a hemicellulose with xylose (monosaccharide) monomers

xylan

the sugar alcohol xylitol is made from _____

Xylan

a polymer made by cross linking phenolic precursors

lignin

pores that allow transport of materials between plant cells

Pits

endoplasmic reticulum channels between cells that traverse pits and connect adjacent cells for intercellular trafficking of molecules

plasmodesmata

the entire plant cell excluding the cell wall

protoplast

removing the _____ allows the cell to be used for _______ and ______

cell wall, DNA transformation, genetic engineering

what enzymes are used to generate protoplasts (3)

cellulase, pectinase, xylanase

watery fluid that fills the vacuoles of plant cells

cell sap

humans gather sap in the form of ____,_______, and _____

opium, rubber, garlic flavoring

lengthening of roots and stems

primary growth

area of actively dividing undifferentiated cells in plants

meristems

growing shoot and root tips that result in primary growth

apical meristems

produce the root cap, which consists of lubricated cells that are sloughed off as the meristem is pushed through the soil by cell division

root apical meristems

produces stems, leaves, and reproductive structures

shoot apical meristems

increased rate of cell _____ enlarges the meristem

division

increased rate of ________ in the periphery of the meristem decreases meristem size

differentiation

increase in stem and root thickness (girth) by the production of vascular tissue

secondary growth

cells dividing on the sides of the shoots and roots that results in secondary growth

lateral meristems

a single layer of lateral meristem cells that encircles the root and stems that divide to increase plant width

cambium

a lateral meristem responsible for secondary growth that replaces the outer layer (epidermis) of roots and stems

cork cambium

a lateral meristem is responsible for secondary growth, cells divide and form secondary xylem and phloem - contributes to the vast majority of secondary growth

vascular cambium

grass and grass like flowering plant (_____) stems do not have _______

monocot, lateral meristems

dividing cells in the monocots found in between mature tissues that allow the plant to grow in length

intercalary meristems

outer layer of dead cells in woody plants

cork

secondary xylem

wood

secondary phloem + primary phloem + cork cambium + cork cells

bark

older, nonliving innermost secondary xylem that darkens due to accumulation of resins and gums

heartwood

light-colored, younger secondary xylem containing living vascular tissue

sapwood

______ slows and stops growing during hte dry or cold season

vascular cambium

small openings in bark that allow gas exchange

lenticels

the three tissue systems found in plants are:

dermal, ground, and vascular

outermost layers in plants

dermal tissue

the outer protective layer of the primary plant body (the roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds)

epidermis

hair like structures that originate from epidermal cells

trichomes

pores in the epidermis that allow for co2 and o2 gas exchange

stomata

cells in the epidermis of a plant that control the opening and closing of stomata

guard cells

a waxy, water repellent substance consisting of highly polymerized esters of fatty acids

cutin

outer layer on leaves and stems consisting of cutin and waxes that prevents water loss

cuticle

all apical meristem derived tissues that are neither dermal (outermost) nor vascular

ground tissue

cells with cell walls that can store water, starch, as well as sugars, and make up the photosynthetic cells in leaves, the centers of stems, roots, and fruits

paranchyma

cells with uneven cell walls that thicken at the corners that provide mechanical and structural support in regions of new growth below the epidermis

collenchyma

cells with thick lignin filled secondary cell walls and usually die when mature - provides the main structural support to the plant

sclerenchyma

cell wall polymer made by cross linking phenolic precursors

lignin

what are the two types of sclerenchyma cells

fibers and sclereids

elongated sclerenchyma cells with lignified secondary cell walls

fibers

short sclerenchyma cells with lignified secondary cell walls

sclereids

vascular tissue that transports water and minerals from the roots upward

xylem

vascular tissue that transports organic materials synthesized by the plant

phloem

long thin cells that taper at the ends and have pits where the secondary cell wall is absent and water can move

tracheids

short and wide water conducting cells that have gaps through both cell walls

vessel elements

Softwoods only contain ____

tracheids

hardwoods contain ____

vessel elements

long thin cells that transport sugars and nutrients through perforated ends called sieve plates

sieve tube elements

cells adjacent to the sieve tube elements that load and unload material for transport into the sieve cells (have large nuclei)

companion cells

A

pectin

B

cross linking glycan

C

cellulose microfibrils

D

middle lamella

E

primary cell wall

F

plasma membrane

1

middle lamella

2

primary cell wall

3

secondary cell wall

4

plasma membrane