unit review

What is the primary function of the nucleus in a cell?

It serves as the control center that holds the genetic instructions (DNA).

What is the function of mitochondria?

Mitochondria turn food into energy (ATP) for the cell.

What do ribosomes do in a cell?

Ribosomes are small workers that build proteins.

What is the difference between Rough ER and Smooth ER?

Rough ER has ribosomes and handles proteins; Smooth ER makes fats (lipids).

What is the role of the Golgi Apparatus?

It acts as the 'post office' that packs and sends out proteins.

What is the function of cytoplasm?

Cytoplasm is the jelly-like filling that holds everything in place within the cell.

What does the cell membrane do?

The cell membrane acts as the 'security guard' that regulates what enters and exits the cell.

What are vacuoles used for in cells?

Vacuoles are storage sacs for water and food.

What is the purpose of the cell wall in plant cells?

The cell wall provides a tough outer shell for support.

What role do chloroplasts play in plant cells?

Chloroplasts capture sunlight to make food through photosynthesis.

What are centrioles and their function?

Centrioles are helpers that organize the cell during division.

What are the three main reasons cells split?

Growth, repair, and reproduction.

What happens during interphase of the cell cycle?

The cell grows, copies its DNA, and prepares to split.

What occurs during prophase of mitosis?

The cell packs its DNA into visible shapes (chromosomes).

What takes place during metaphase of mitosis?

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.

What is the key event in anaphase of mitosis?

Chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite sides of the cell.

What happens during telophase of mitosis?

Two new nuclei form around the separated DNA.

What is cytokinesis?

Cytokinesis is the process where the cell pinches in half, creating two new twin cells.

What defines cancer in terms of cell division?

Cancer is a disease where cells divide too fast and won't stop.

What can damage DNA and potentially lead to cancer?

Causes include carcinogens like smoking, UV rays, and harmful chemicals.

What are some methods to stay safe from cancer?

Regular check-ups, no smoking, using sunscreen, and eating well.

What are three common treatments for cancer?

Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation.

What is the food path in the digestive system?

Mouth → Throat → Stomach → Small Intestine → Large Intestine → Exit.

What is the function of the stomach in digestion?

The stomach uses strong acid and enzymes to turn food into liquid.

Where does most nutrient absorption occur in the digestive system?

In the small intestine.

What do the liver and gallbladder do?

They handle bile to break down fat.

What is the purpose of the pancreas in digestion?

The pancreas makes juices that help in digestion.

What is the air path through the respiratory system?

Nose → Throat → Windpipe (Trachea) → Lung Tubes (Bronchi) → Tiny Air Sacs (Alveoli).

What is the function of alveoli?

Alveoli are where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves.

What does the diaphragm do during breathing?

It pulls down to help you breathe in.

How does blood circulate in the circulatory system?

Right side of heart → Lungs → Left side of heart → Body → Back to heart.

What are red blood cells responsible for?

Carrying oxygen.

What do white blood cells do?

Fight germs.

What is the function of platelets?

Form scabs to stop bleeding.

What is plasma in the blood?

The liquid that carries all other cells and substances.

What are arteries?

Arteries carry blood away from the heart.

What do veins do in the circulatory system?

Veins carry blood back to the heart.

What is the role of capillaries in circulation?

Capillaries are tiny tubes where oxygen and nutrients are exchanged with cells.

What forms the central nervous system (CNS)?

The brain and spinal cord.

What are neurons?

Special cells that send electrical signals throughout the body.

What is the function of the musculoskeletal system?

It holds you up, protects your organs, and allows movement.