Review of Molecules, Matter, and Energy Concepts

A set of 50 fill-in-the-blank flashcards derived from lecture notes on molecules, matter, electricity, energy, and radioactivity.

Solid particles are held in __________ positions and are the least __________.

Fixed; energetic

Liquid particles move about __________, are in __________, and have more __________ than solids.

Randomly; contact; energetic

Gas particles move __________, are far apart, and are the __________ energetic.

Randomly; most

When state changes occur, the __________ of the substance doesn't change.

Mass

The boiling point is the temperature at which a substance __________.

Boils/condenses

Energy is needed to change a solid into a __________ or vice versa.

Liquid

Evaporation occurs when liquid particles escape from the __________ of the liquid.

Surface

The pressure of a gas increases when the __________ of the gas in a sealed container increases.

Temperature

When materials are heated, the temperature __________.

Increases

The strength of forces between particles in a substance explains why substances __________ when heated.

Expand

The concept of latent heat refers to energy needed for a substance to change without a change in __________.

Temperature

In a circuit, electricity flows from the __________ wire to the __________ wire.

Live; neutral

The peak potential difference is the maximum measured from __________.

0V (zero volts)

Current that flows in ________ direction only is known as __________ current.

One, Direct

Alternating current __________ its direction of flow.

Reverses

Ohm's law states that current is directly proportional to __________ across a component.

Potential difference

The __________ between two uncharged objects is a non-contact force.

Electrostatic force

When resistors are connected in series, the total potential difference is the __________ of individual potential differences.

Sum

For resistors connected in parallel, the total current is the __________ of the currents through each branch.

Sum

The material that gets hot in a circuit due to the flow of current is known as a __________.

Resistor

LDRs decrease in resistance as light __________ increases.

Intensity

The process of __________ produces energy from nuclear fission.

Radioactivity

The half-life of a radioactive material is the time taken for __________ of the substance to decay.

Half the nuclei

Gamma radiation is __________ ionising compared to alpha radiation.

Less

Nuclear fusion occurs when two light __________ join to form a heavier nucleus.

Nuclei

The potential difference is the measure of _____________ by each _________ passing through a component.

Energy transferred, charge

Energy cannot be __________ or destroyed.

Created

The conservation of energy states that energy cannot be __________ or destroyed, only transferred.

Created

Energy efficiency can be calculated using the formula: __________.

(Useful energy output / Total energy input) × 100%

The internal energy of a substance increases with __________.

Temperature

Heating a substance causes its particles to gain __________ energy.

Kinetic

An __________ meter is used to measure electric energy consumption.

Electricity

The flow of charge in a circuit is called __________.

Current

The __________ of an object is equal to its mass multiplied by gravitational field strength and change in height.

Gravitational potential energy

Materials with __________ thermal conductivity transfer energy at a higher rate.

High

Black body radiation is emitted by an ideal body that absorbs all __________ incident upon it.

Radiation

The energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1°C is known as __________.

Specific heat capacity

The main source of energy for electricity generation in many countries includes __________, oil, and natural gas.

Coal

Heat loss from buildings can be minimized by using __________ insulation.

Cavity wall

Energy __________ occurs when energy is transformed into a non-useful form such as heat.

Dissipation

The __________ of fossil fuels is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions.

Burning

Renewable energy sources can be defined as those that can be replenished naturally over __________ time.

Short

The __________ of radiation dose is measured in sieverts, indicating the risk from exposure.

Health risk

Electromagnetic energy is transferred in the form of __________ waves.

Radiation

When charge flows through a conductor, it transfers __________ to the components of the circuit.

Energy

The __________ power supply makes the current reverse its flow direction periodically.

Alternating

The specific __________________ of a substance reflects how much heat it can store per unit mass per degree.

Heat capacity

Ionising radiation can __________ living cells.

Damage

The process of reducing energy waste includes using __________ technology.

Efficient