AP Euro

What did Martin Luther criticize in his 95 Theses?

The Catholic Church, especially the sale of indulgences.

What is the key idea of Martin Luther's Reformation?

Salvation comes from faith alone, not church actions or money.

Who holds the main authority according to Martin Luther?

The Bible, not the Pope.

What were the effects of the Protestant Reformation?

Split in Christianity, weakened Catholic Church power, led to religious wars in Europe, and the printing press spread ideas quickly.

What were the three estates in pre-revolutionary France?

1st Estate: Clergy, 2nd Estate: Nobility, 3rd Estate: Everyone else.

Why was there anger among the 3rd Estate in France?

Huge inequality and lack of political power.

What movement focused on reason, science, and individual rights in the 1700s?

The Enlightenment.

Who was a key thinker advocating for natural rights during the Enlightenment?

John Locke.

What was Louis XIV's famous declaration regarding his power?

“I am the state.”

What is the main characteristic of a constitutional monarchy?

King and Parliament share power; monarch is limited by law.

What were the main causes of the French Revolution?

Inequality, debt from wars, Enlightenment ideas, and food shortages.

What was one significant event of the French Revolution?

The storming of the Bastille.

What new economic system emerged during the Industrial Revolution?

Capitalism.

What were some problems associated with the Industrial Revolution?

Pollution, child labor, and poor working conditions.

What was a primary reason for European imperialism in Africa and Asia?

Seeking raw materials and markets for goods.

What was a simple cause of World War I?

Alliances, nationalism, militarism, and the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

What was the core conflict during the Cold War?

USA's capitalism and democracy vs USSR's communism.

What are proxy wars?

Conflicts where two opposing countries support combatants in a third country, seen during the Cold War.

What was one feature of the Cold War?

Nuclear tension without direct war.