biodiversity final exam

scientific theory

general explanation of natural phenomena supported by many experiments and observations

evolve, reproduce, process/use info, one or more cells

characteristics of life

common descent, gradualism, populations change, natural selection

4 parts of darwins theory of evolution

vicariance-derived speciation

when a geographic barrier arises within a population causing there to be two separate populations, and eventually lead to two new species, this is called:

p²+2pq+q²=1

hardy-weinberg equation

natural selection

____ leads to adaptations

adaptation

a feature that has become prevalent in a population because of a selective advantage conveyed by that feature in the improvement of some function

vicariance-derived

speciation that occurs with geographic separation of populations

finches

example of adaptive radiation

evolution is goal-driven

name a common misconception about evolution

mutation and natural selection

what increases variation in a population

allele

different forms of a gene

bottleneck

an extreme and temporary reduction in population size that often results in marked genetic drift

population

interbreeding groups of organisms of the same species living in the same geographic area

gene pool

the set of genes of all individuals of a population/species

fixed

when a variant of a gene goes to 100% in a population

genotype

the genetic makeup of a cell/organism

homozygous

when a genotype is composed of two of the same allele for a gene

heterozygous

when a genotype is composed of two different alleles for a gene

phenotype

the observable traits of an individual; influenced by both environment and genetics

observations, questions, hypotheses, predictions, experimentation, data analysis, results, interpretation, conclusions, communication

steps of scientific method

lyell

developed the geologic doctrine of uniformitarianism

malthus

wrote “essay on the principle of population” where natural populations have the potential to get exponentially larger but do not grow like this for very long.. instead, there is a struggle for existence

plato

developed the philosophy of essentialism

linnaeus

known for developing framework for our modern classification system of plants and animals

darwin and wallace

came up w the theory of evolution by natural selection

fisher

suggested that multiple genes per trait could account for continuous variation

lamarck

suggested that species exhibit inheritance of acquired characteristics

natural selection

the change in allele/genotype frequency in a population overtime resulting in an increase of fitness

short, broad, having multiple hypothesis

3 things that make hypothesis strong

migration, mutation, genetic drift, nonrandom breeding

what is needed for evolution to happen

DNA

___is a more stable molecule than RNA

no

are fungi multicellular?

fossil record, vestigial organs, bad design, biogeography

major pieces of evidence supporting the theory of evolution

4.6 by

approximate age of earth

oxygen

not a main gas in stanleys experiment

hot, salty, acidic

conditions archaea can live in

no

can protists reproduce asexually?

amino acids

what did stanley find when red substance was analyzed

proteobacteria

dna in mitochondria that confirms their close phylogenetic relationship to form a bacteria

phylogenies

fossils allow us to calibrate ___ in terms of time

cyanobacteria

bacteria capable of oxygenic photosynthesis

sister group

share the same nodes

numbers

synapamorphies are represented by ____

transformation

involved a dead donor

fossils

remains, impressions, or evidence of once-living organisms, preserved through time in sedimentary rock or tree resins

nucleus

major defining characteristic of eukaryotic cells

n2 fixing bacteria and soybeans

examples of coevolutionary relationships

intact

what type of fossils form when decomposition does not occur and organic remains are preserved

phagocytosis

specific form of endocytosis in which eukaryotic cells surround food particles and package them in vesicles that bud off from the cell membrane

protist

an organism having a nucleus but lacking other features specific to plants, animals, fungi

algae

photosynthetic protists

tracks, trails

example of trace fossil

hyphae

long, thin highly branched structures

polytomy

node that branches into three or more branches

fiber

a way that fungus can be used for humans

eukaryotic cells

has a dynamic cytoskeleton and membrane

bacteria and eukarya

2 groups that do not produce methane

archaea

the only group that has walls that do not contain peptidoglycan

amoebozoans

plasmodial and cellular slime molds belong to this group—no cell walls

stramenopiles

includes kelps and diatoms, members of this group have a flagellum that contain 2 rows of stiff hairs

opisthokonts

animals and fungi belong to this group

alveolates

contains dinoflagellates that are responsible for red tides and apicomplexans that include species which cause malaria

archaeplastids

almost entirely made up of photosynthetic species like green algae

anoxygenic photosynthesis

do not produce oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis

photoautotroph

gain energy from the sun and carbon from CO2

aerobic respiration

oxygen is used to produce cellular energy

oxygenic photosynthesis

produce oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis

chemoautotroph

capable of using chemical reactions to generate ATP and use inorganic molecules as their carbon source

anaerobic respiration

oxygen is not used to produce cellular energy

assimilation

process by which organisms take up nutrients from the environment

nitrogen fixation

process by which nitrogen gas is converted into ammonia

dentrification

process by which some bacteria use nitrate as an electron acceptor in respiration

nitrification

process by which chemoautotrophic bacteria oxidize ammonia to nitrite and then nitrate

anammox

anaerobic ammonia oxidation

paleozoic

the most ancient era of the phanerozoic eon. the transitional organism tiktaalik was from this era

permineralized

this type of fossil forms when remains decompose slowly and dissolved minerals slowly infilitrate the cells interiors and harden into stone like petrified wood

cenozoic

this is the most recent era of the phanerozoic eon

trace

this type of fossil forms when sedimentation and mineralization preserve indirect evidence of organism

mesozoic

era of the phanerozoic eon when dinosaurs roamed the earth

compression

this is the most recent era of the phanerozoic eon

chytrids

lack heterokaryotic stage and well-defined hyphae; many are single celled, moist enviros, pathogenic

zygomycetes

some release spores while others forcibly eject the entire sporangium some are decomposers of dead leaves, feces, and food, grow mycelium

glomeromycetes

occur in association w/ plant roots, no evidence of sexual reproduction

basidiomycetes

nuclear fusion and meiosis take place in a club-shaped cell include smuts, rusts, toadstools, puffballs

ascomycetes

nuclear fusion and meiosis take place in an elongated saclike cell yeasts morel mushrooms and fungal partners of most lichens in this group

synapomorphy

shared derived characteristics

endosymbiosis

symbioisis in which one partner reside w/in the other

chloroplasts were once free-living cyanobacteria that became incorporated into a host

hypothesis for the origin of chloroplasts in eukaryotes

habitat bias, abundance bias, temporal bias, taxonomic and tissue bias

fossil record limitations

no

are animals sessile?

annelids

what group does not shed a exoskeleton

mosses

group of plants that does not have a dominant sporophyte generation

chordata

the blastopore does not become the mouth in which group of animals?

primary growth

this type of growth increases the length of the plant

ray-finned fish

the most diverse group of vertebrates and have a swim bladder

horticulture

one reason humans study plants

reproduction

purpose of a flower

cranium and vertebrae

synapomorphies of a vertebrate