HOSA vet science unit 2-4

necropsy/ postmortem

a post death inspection done to determine the cause of death

classes of nutrients

there are six classes of nutrients: vitamins, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, water, and minerals

carbohydrates

supplies energy and providess structure. also provides energy, fiber, and bulkiness. absolute encessity is low, since animals can cnovert amino acids

dietary fiber

also called roughage, composed polysaccharides.

cellulose

a long chain polysaccharide found in plant fiber.

constipation

occurs when feces is dry and moves too slowly. fiber helps to retain water within the feces, and increases the rate of passage to a more normal level.

flatulence

accumulation of gas in the intestinal tract, produced as intestinal bacteria ferment the fiber.

flatus

describes when gas from flatulence passes through the anus.

proteins

composed of long chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. has a 3D shape. plays a key role in the stucture and function of cells.

amino acids

either essential, or non essential. essential acids must be supplied in the diet, and non essential can be synthesized from other amino acids.

protein deficiency

often presents as poor growth or low body weight. these animals have a poor appearence to their hair coats, and are more susceptible to disease.

excessive protein

used as an energy source, or converted to fat. this metabolism produces ammonia, which is converted to urea and released.

biologic value

the quality of protein source

lipids

consists of fats and oils. fats are solid at room temp, and oils are liquid.

simple lipids

three fatty acids molecules bound to a molecule of glycerol. can be conjugated with other molecules such as proteins.

fats

can be used as an immediate supply of energy, or stored in the fat reserves of the animal.

calorie

unit of mearue that describes the energy contained within a food. the amount of energy required to raise one gram of water one degree celsius.

feedstuffs

food for various animals

calorimeter

feedstuffs are burned, to measure the amount of heat released and determine the calorie content.

water

the most vital nutrient. loss of 10% of body water is dangerous.

hydrolysis

addition of water to a molecule, in order to seperate it into smaller parts.

vitamins

organic compounds required in small amounts for health and function maintenence.

vitamin classes

fat and water soluble.

rodenticide

high levels of vitamin D, used to produce a toxic effect. causes damage to the kidneys and heart.

free radicals

highly reactive atoms or molecules with a single free electron.

minerals

inorganic compounds. involved in the metabolism.

dry matter

the amount of macrominerals in a diet, expressed as a percentage.

copper

essential mineral, but can develop toxicity if excess is consumed. stored in the liver.

hemolysis

red blood cells begin to break down in the vessels.

salt toxicity

common in swine. caused by a quick consumption of excessive saltwhich elevates sodium levels. this causes excessive thirst, and edema.

polioencephalomalacia

different from polio in humans. caused by a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin b1).

taurine deficiency

occurs in cats. blindness is a possible outcome. females cannot maintain pregancy.

ketosis

common disease in dairy cattle that are not able to eat enough to produce enough milk.

free choice diet

good quality feed available for the animal at all times. beneficial to quickly growing animals, but comes at higher risk of obesity.

resting energy rate (RER)

amount of energy required by an animal, at ret in a comfortable environment.

RER formula

70 x weight in kg^0.75

maintenance energy requirement

accounts for RER, plus any additional energy required for the normal activity of the animal.

canned foods

around 75% water. tends to be more palatable, and digestible, as compared to dry foods.

cat food preferences

Cats often develop a preference for one type or shape of food, whether canned or dry.

semi-moist foods

generally packaged in a sealed foil or plastic package. contains 15-35% water. does not require refrigeration.

dry foods

most common type, generally the least expensive. low water level. helps control plaque on the teeth. 10-14% moisture.

AAFCO

association of american feed control officials, organization that establishes national standards for the labelling of pet foods

grazing

practice of eating from a pasture.

concentrates

feedstuffs with a higher level of nutrients, than grazing grass. level required increases with amount of exercise.

types of concentrates

oats, wheat, corn, barley, flax, cottonseed, and soybeans.

horse digestive time

it takes around 70 hours for feed to pass through the horse's digestive system.

fermentation

the process of digestion by the bacteria ni the ;large intestine.

teeth floating

a special rasp is used to file down the sharp edges of a horse's teeth.

intestinal parasites

a risk for any grazing animal. parasite eggs found in feces can contaminate the ground, and make be ingested. parasites develop in the intestinal tract.

forage

the edible part of the plant, not typically the grain, that is found above ground and available for grazing.

cribbing

a bad habit in horses, described as chewing on wooden stalls, if left alone for long periods of time.

bolt

rapid heating of concentrate, with very little chewing. increases risk of choking and colic.

young ruminant gastric function

acts like a monogastric, relying on milk for primary nutrition. over the next few months, the rumen develops until the animal becomes a complete ruminant.

ruminant vomiting

rarely happens, and is an indication of a problem. often a sign of the ingestion of a poisonous plant.

papillae

tiny, fingerlike projections that line the rumen. they grow over time.

total mixed ration

a combination of all feed ingredients, often put into a blender and mixed. the goal is to supply a uniform feed to cattle throughout the day.

obesity

excessive weight. can cause additional problems, such as arthritis.

spay/neuter effect on energy

spaying and neutering can decrease the energy demands of the animal.

chocolate

contains theobromine and caffeine, which can toxic when consumed in high levels.

chocolate toxicity

early signs include increased thirst and urine production, vomiting, diarrhea, and urinary incontinence. can be fatal.

onion toxins

onions can be very dangerous to cats. if consumed in large quantities, they cause a defect in RBCs. results in anemia, and possible death.

grain overload

excess consumption of grain in horses and ruminants. this decreases pH in the colon, killing bacteria. can cause diarrhea and anorexia, and in severe cases, damage to the hooves.

laminitis

inflammation of the laminae, a tissue in the hoof. causes a characteristic gait. can be caused by walnut shavings, which have a toxin in them.

kidney failure

nitrogen-containing waste is built up in the blood.

NEFAs

non esterified fatty acids

ketones

creation of glucose in the body. exhaled through the lungs, giving a "sweet" smell to the breath.

coliform

describes related group of bacteria that causes coliform mastitis.

botulism

signs include weakness, thirst, and notably, a low muscle tone in the tongue.

PED

porcine epidemic diarrhea

anthrax

bacterial disease transmitted through various farm animals.

koch's postulates

1, infectious agent is detected in sick, not healthy animals. 2, it should be possible to isolate and culture the organism. 3, organisms taken and introduced into a healthy animal should cause the same disease. 4, the same organism should be isolated from the second animal.

fomites

contaminated inanimate objects. can include shared water bowls and feeding utensils.

vectors

some animals, commonly insects such as mites, ticks, and mosquitoes can transmit infectious diseases.

classes of infectious diseases

bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.

eukaryotic cells

membrane bound organelles, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum

prokaryotic

lacks membrane-bound organelles. each bacterium has a single circular chromosome that is not surrounded by membrane

obligate aerobes

bacteria that require oxygen in order to survive.

obligate anaerobes

bacteria that thrive in environments lacking oxygen. ex. Clostridium tetani

facultative anaerobes

bacterias that live in either environment. ex.escherichia coli

Gram stain test

color staining test that differentiates between cells with different types of cell walls. gram-positive bacteria are stained blue due to a thicker cell wall, and gram-negative bacteria are shown as pink.

plasmids

small fragments of DNA in addition to the chromosome, found in some bacteria.

transformation

the process in which DNA is exchanged between bacteria. lysis of the cell wall releases fragments of DNA into the surrounding solution. other bacteria can then take the DNA into their cells.

prodromal phase

period of the first signs of disease. short-lived, commonly includes nonspecific signs such as fever and muscle aches.

bacteria shape classes

spherical-cocci, cylindrical-rods/bacilli

anemia

lack of RBCs, or a decrease of RBCs function in carrying oxygen.

feline leukemia virus

viral infection in cats, can eventually lead to other fatal diseases. lowers immune system, leaving the cat vulnerable to other diseases.

virus classification

the type of nucleic acid, shape of the capsid, and the type of host that is infected.

porcine epidemic diarrhea

signs include severe diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, and death.

fungi

eukaryotic cells, similar to plant cells, but do not have chlorophyll. gains nutrients from its surroundings.

fungi filaments

fungi appear as filaments, which each filament called a hypha. cells from the end of the hyphae produce an asexual spore.

mycosis

term used to describe any fungal infection.

ringworm

a fungal infection. can be found in the skin, hair, nails, and claws. does not involve worms.

systemic

affecting the entire body

prions

an abnormally shaped proteins. causes transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. diseases of the brain.

mad cow disease

a TSE, caused by prions. causes gradual growth of holes in the brains of cows.

creutz-jakob disease

a TSE found in humans, same characteristics as mad cow disease. is fatal, with progression over one year.

parasites

may be single celled, or larger arthropods. may be found within the body, or on the surface. uses the host body for nutrients.

whipworms of dogs

signs include chronic diarrhea with blood and mucus, weight loss, dehydration. eggs are passed on the feces, and larvae develop in the intestines.