Diseases final

the ability of an agent to invade and replicate in the host

infectivity

the severity of disease that an agent can cause

virulence

The combined value of production in 2022 was $77 billion and _______ contribute to majority of that value

broilers

Texas ranks ____ nationally in Broilers & Eggs production

5th

All commercial poultry companies should have a ________ and ___________ biosecurity plan in place

custom and comprehensive

Disinfectants are ________ in the presence of organic material

not effective

Five cardinal signs of inflammation:

redness, swelling, fever, pain, loss of function

Two branches of the immune system:

innate and adaptive

Memory is associated with

adaptive immunity

Central/primary lymphoid organs

Bursa of fabricius and thymus

Peripheral lymphoid organs

spleen and gut associate lymphoid tissue

Antibodies are specialized molecules that bind to specific regions known as

epitopes

Humoral immunity system produces antibodies through activated B-cell called

plasma cell

Cell mediated immune system produces

cytotoxic T cells

Negative selection occurs in

lymphoid organs (bursa and thymus)

_____________ removes self-reactive immune lymphocytes from the chicken prior to hatch resulting in __________ _____________

negative selection; self tolerance

Process occurs in the secondary lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph nodes (in mammals) and payers patches (in chicken

positive selection

Memory cells are not active during the

primary immune responses

Memory cells are active during the

secondary immune responses

Secondary immune responses ______________________________ than primary immune responses.

are faster and more robust

Antibodies are produced by specialized B lymphocytes called

plasma cells

_________ _________ are recombinant vaccine that could protect against two or more diseases

vector vaccine

differentiating infected from vaccinated animals

DIVA

is caused by Aspergillus fumigatus

Aspergillosis

Common name of Asperigillosis is

brooders pneumonia

Brooders pneumonia is associated with _________ ____________ leading to _________ ______________

hatchery infections and labored breathing

Asperigillosis/brooders pneumonia may also have

CNS and ocular signs

is associated with preformed toxins in feed grains

Aflatoxicosis

Aflatoxin B1

is most commonly found in grains and has a significance to public health

____________ are prokaryotic organism that ______ ______

Mycoplasma; lack cell wall

Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD)

is caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum in chickens

__________ _____________ is a disease of ___________ is caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum

infectious sinusitis; turkeys

Mycoplasma infections have some degree of

respiratory involvement

Mycoplasma infections can transmit

vertically and horizontally

Mycoplasma meleagridis is a primary disease in

turkeys

Mycoplasma meleagridis infection is characterized by ______ ____________ ________ ______ and airsacculitis in day old poults

high late embryonic deaths

are associated with Mycoplasma meleagridis

Skeletal deformities

_____________ transmission of Mycoplasma meleadridis occurs in ________ breeders

vertical, turkey

Mycoplasma synoviae causes a subclinical upper respiratory tract infection in

chickens and turkeys

__________ _____________ of Mycoplasma synoviae can result in _________.

Systemic infections, lameness

__________ is caused by a _______ ______________ characterized by enteritis and diarrhea

Coccidiosis, protozoal infection

_________ infections are caused by _________ that belongs to the genus Eimeria

Coccidia, protozoa

Coccidia cause a _____ ________ disease that means the coccidia species that infect chickens cannot infect turkeys

host specific

________ __ _____________ __ _______to the species of the organism, for example: immunity to Eimeria tenella does not cross protect against Eimeria burnetti

Immunity to coccidia is specific

_________ __________ is a major problem associated with coccidiosis medication

drug resistance

____ _________ __________ efficiency is a major problem associated with coccidiosis

reduced feed conversion

Coccidiosis transmission is through

oral fecal route

8.Vaccines consist of ______ _________ which are allowed to cycle in order to provide immunity to coccidia

live oocysts

____ ____ _____ drugs are used for the control of coccidia

ionophores and synthetic

__________ _________ ____________ __________ programs are used to prevent resistance to coccidia

rotational and shuttle drug

___________ _____________ infection in turkey are characterized by severe ceca and liver lesions

Histomonas meleangridis

Histomoniasis is primarily seen in

turkeys

.Control of histomonas is difficult because:

there are no approved medication for treatment in food animals

__________ __________ is a common name of sarcosporidia in waterfowl

rice breast

__________________ s a highly contagious, acute, upper-respiratory tract disease of turkeys caused by the bacterium Bordetella avium

Bordetellosis

____________________ leading to a collapsed trachea is associated with Bordetella

softened tracheal rings

respiratory disease in chicken caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum

Infectious coryza

Infectious coryza in chicken causes

facial edema/swelling

Clostridia

Gram-positive, spore-forming, anaerobic organisms

_________ produced by clostridial bacteria are responsible for the disease

toxins

Clostridium septicum and Clostridium perfringens type A cause

Gangrenous Dermatitis

is an acute bacterial infection characterized by sudden death and enteritis

Necrotic Enteritis

Clostridium perfringens type A and C causes

Necrotic Enteritis

Ulcerative enteritis is commonly known as

Quail Disease

Quail disease (Ulcerative enteritis) is associated with

hemorrhagic enteritis and ulcers in the duodenum

______ ____________ is a septicemic disease of poultry and wild birds characterized by high mortality

fowl cholera

is caused by Pasteurella multocida

Fowl cholera

is associated with swollen wattles, sinuses, joints, and foot pads

fowl cholera

Salmonella pullorum and Salmonella gallinarum are _____ __________, septicemic diseases

host-specific

Salmonella pullorum and Salmonella gallinarum are zoonotic or not?

not zoonotic

Salmonella infections can spread

horizontal and vertical

causes fowl typhoid and is associated with bronze colored enlarged live

Salmonella gallinarum

Salmonella, influenza, mycoplasma plan

NPIP (National poultry improvement plan)

causes lesions in eye and brain in turkey

Salmonella arizonae

Salmonella paratyphoid causes a significant impact on

food safety

Salmonella paratyphoid infections are host specific or not?

not host specific

Erysipelas is an acute infection mostly in

mature tom turkeys

Erysipelas is an acute infection characterized by

skin and muscle hemorrhages

Erysipelas is a ____________ disease

zoonotic

Staphylococcus and colibacillosis cause

secondary bacterial infections

Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase are important proteins in

influenza virus

Low pathogenic and highly pathogenic are two manifestations of

avia influenza

The genome of avian influenza is

segmented RNA

__ and __ avian influenza viruses could become highly pathogenic

H5 and H7

Avian influenza viruses evolve by ________ __________ and ______ __________.

genetic drift and genetic shift

Avian influenza virus belongs to the family

Orthomyxoviridae

Newcastle disease virus belongs to family

Paramyxoviridae

Lentogenic, Mesogenic and Velogenic are forms of

Newcastle disease

virus belongs to family Coronaviridae

Infectious bronchitis

virus highly contagious, acute respiratory disease of chickens

Infectious bronchitis

____ __________ is the major immunogenic protein in Infectious bronchitis virus

spike protein

Infectious laryngotracheitis virus a

herpesvirus

__________ ____________ is associated with hemorrhages in trachea

infectious laryngotracheitis

_________ __________ __________ infectious laryngotracheitis vaccines are used in Texas but not Embryo origin vaccines

tissue culture origin

__________ ____________ are associated with Embryo origin ILT vaccines

Rolling reactions

A disease of chickens characterized by lymphoid atrophy, tissue hemorrhages, and reduced blood cell production resulting in immunosuppression

chicken infectious anemia

Blue Wing Disease

Chicken infectious anemia

Family of chicken infectious anemia

Circoviridae

CAV genome

single stranded, circular DNA virus

CAV primarily targets what?

T cells and bone marrow