MCB 246 - Nutrition and Metabolism Questions

CH 27

Disaccharides are one type of…

Carbohydrate

Triglycerides and steroids are both examples of…

Lipids

T/F: Simple sugars are carbohydrates

True

Gram for gram, the largest amount of energy can be store in the body in the form of…

Triglycerides

T/F: For a protein to be complete, it must contain twenty-six different types of amino acids

False

A nonessential amino acid is one that…

Can be made within the body

T/F: Most amino acids are essential amino acids

False

T/F: Incomplete proteins contain all essential amino acids, but none of the others

False

Essential amino acids are so physiologically important that the body can synthesize them by modifying other (nonessential) amino acids

False

Vitamin C is a…

Water-soluble, essential vitamin

Which type of vitamins will be absorbed from the intestine into lacteals (lymphatic capillaries)?

Fat-soluble

Vitamins A, D, E and K are…

Fat-soluble

T/F: Citrus fruit is a good source of fat-soluble vitamins

False

T/F: The body is able to produce and recycle vitamin A (retinol) as needed

False

Cofactors such as NADH are found in all cells of the body and are often recycled. Such cofactors are categorized as _______ vitamins.

Nonessential

T/F: Essential vitamins must be provided in the diet

True

A deficiency in vitamin _____ may result in night blindness as well as dry, flaky skin

A

A deficiency in vitamin _____ may lead to bleeding problems

K

T/F: A deficiency in thiamine (vitamin B1) may result in a weakened heart and edema

True

Inorganic ions such as sodium and potassium are…

Minerals

All of the following are associated with a deficiency in calcium, except…

Anemia

T/F: Minerals are organic molecules

False

Iron is considered a…

Trace mineral, because less than 100 miligrams are required daily on the diet

Muscle cramps are associated with a deficiency in…

Chloride

Calcium, chloride, and cobalt are all examples of _______ minerals.

Major

Iodine is an example of a(n)

Mineral

Milk is a source of lactose, which is a…

Carbohydrate

T/F: Spinach is a complete food, as it contains all of the essential amino acids, all of the major minerals, and all of the water-soluble vitamins

False

Cellulose is a type of ______ from plants that remains in the GI tract as fiber and aids in the movement of material through the tract

Carbohydrate

Fruits, maple syrup, and sugar are all sources of…

Sucrose

T/F: Vegetable oils and fish oils are dietary sources of triglycerides

True

Lacto-ovo vegetarians do not eat animal flesh…

But do eat milk, eggs, and cheese

T/F: Since beans contain the essential amino acid methionine, beans are considered complete protein sources

False

T/F: Individuals who are growing or recovering from an injury exhibit positive nitrogen balance.

True

Postive nitrogen balance is a conditin where…

An individual absorbs more nitrogen than is expected

T/F: Tea can serve as a source of meganese

True

Negative nitrogen balance is commonly seen in individuals who…

Have lost blood or are malnourished

Recommended daily allowances established by the Food and Nutrition Board are based…

Averages obtained from population studies

Recommended daily allowances were established by the Food and Nutrition board as directed by the…

National Academy of Sciences

T/F: Recommended daily allowances are government-established values for nutrient intake that are used for food planning and labeling

True

In 2011, the USDA created ______ to replace the food pyramid.

MyPlate

MyPlate depicts fruits and vegetables occupying ______ of the plate

One-half

T/F: According to the MyPlate system, bread, cereals, rice, and pasta should make up a little more than half of an individual’s diet

False

T/F: Food labels are required by law to include the amount of cholesterol in each serving.

True

T/F: The number of essential amino acids in a food product is required to be placed on its label

False

The absorptive state occurs…

From when you are eating until about 4 hours after the meal

During the absorptive state, insulin release is…

Stimulated

In response to the increased availability of nutrients during the absorptive state, liver and muscle

Increase glycogenesis

Insulin causes adipose tissue to…

Inhibit lipolysis and stimulate lipogenesis

T/F: One of the ultimate effects of insulin is to stimulate protein synthesis within the cells of the body

True

T/F: Glucagon stimulate the liver to form glycogen from glucose

False

To maintain homeostasis, the hormone that is secreted during the postabsorptive state causes…

An increase in the level of blood sugar

What effects does glucagon have on protein metabolism

It has no effect on body proteins

At the middle of a liver lobule is a central

Vein

Bile canaliculi are located…

Between cords of hepatocytes

Which statement accurately describes the flow of blood through sinusoids of the liver?

Blood flows within the sinusoids toward the central blood vessel

T/F: Blood within the liver sinusoids comes from the hepatic artery and is headed toward the hepatic portal vein

False

T/F: Low dietary intake of cholesterol triggers cholesterol synthesis within the liver to increase

True

T/F: Low dietary intake of cholesterol triggers cholesterol sunthesis within the liver to increase

True

T/F: The majority if bile salts synthesized from cholesterol are removed from the body as a component of feces

False

Beta oxidation is a step in the synthesis of cholesterol that involves…

Breakdown of fatty acids into two-carbon units to form acetyle CoA

Compared to other types of lipoproteins, very-low-density lipoproteins contain the _____ lipid.

Most

How do low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) move into cells?

LDLs are engulfed through receptor-mediated endocytosis

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are associated with the transport of lipid from the…

Peripheral tissues to the liver

T/F: The liver is involved in the metabolism of each of the three major nutrient biomolecules

True

One of the metabolic functions of the liver is transamination, which is a conversion of…

One amino acid to form another

T/F: The liver absorbs bilirunin and eliminates it as part of bile

True

The liver serves as a storage site for vitamin A and vitamin D

True

When glycose enters glycolysis, it…

Is oxidized to two pyruvate molecules

When fatty acids are metabolized for cellular respiration, the firs step involves breaking two carbons off the chain at a time to form acetyl CoA molecules. Acetyl CoA then…

Enters the citric acid cycle

T/F: One of the products of tryglyceride breakdown is glycerol; glycerol enters the cellular respiration pathway by being converted to glucose (in the liver) and then undergoing glycolysis

True

An amine group that is removed from an amino acid within a hepatocyte is then…

Converted to urea and eliminated as part of urine

T/F: Whenever an amino acid is used for cellular respiration, it enters the pathway at the intermediate stage

False

T/F: Individuals who consume excess carbohydrates can deposit additional triglycerides into their adipose tissue

True

If more glycose is consumed than is needed, the glucose can be…

Converted to acetyl CoA that is then used to synthesize triglycerides for storage

In general, the greater the surface area of the skin, the ______ the basal metabolic rate

Higher

Metabolic rate is a measurement of the…

Energy used in a given period of time

T/F: Age, sex, hormone levels, and stress all influence basal metabolic rate

True

Metabolic rate can be measured with a respirometer that measures

oxygen consumption in order to indirectly measure heat production and energy expenditure.

When an individual is exposed to cold temperatures, total metabolic rate…

Increases

Vigorous physical activity causes total metabolic rate to…

Increase during the exercise and for hours afterwards.

T/F: Because basal metabolic rate is constant across individuals, everyone has a core body temperature of 98.6 F.

False

Core body temperature is the

temperature of the head and torso.

Sweating and shivering are necessary adaptations because

the health of vital organs requires a near-normal temperature, and metabolic rate fluctuates with changes in the environment.

The area of the brain that provides the primary control of body temperature is the…

hypothalamus

An increase in metabolic rate would alter body temperature and trigger a compensatory…

stimulation of sweat glands and vasodilation in blood vessels of the skin.

T/F: Conscious changes in behavior governed by the cerebral cortex do not

meaningfully contribute to regulation of body temperature.

False

Frostbite results from peripheral _________ due to exposure to cold temperatures.

vasoconstriction

Thyroid hormone increases metabolic rate.

True

In response to decreases in body temperature, the brain signals the…

anterior pituitary to release thyroid-stimulating hormone.

T/F: Protein is a macronutrient.

True

T/F: Some amino acids can be synthesized by the body. Such an amino acid would be classified as a nonessential nutrient.

True

T/F: Cholesterol is both acquired through the diet and synthesized in the body.

True

T/F: Cholesterol is a required component of cell membranes.

True