Intro to Anaphy, Homeostasis, & Language of Anatomy

Kaya natin toh bhie, Prelim lang yan :)

Microscopic anatomy

study of the smaller structures and fine details that can be seen with the aid of a microscope

Cytology

Study of cell structure

Histology

study of tissues

Gross anatomy

study of the large structures of  the human body that can be seen through normal dissection

Surface anatomy

study of the anatomical features that can be studied by sight, without dissecting

Regional anatomy

study of the specific regions of the body

Systemic anatomy

anatomy of the systems of the body

Comparative Anatomy

Study of Comparing Anatomies

Radiographic Anatomy

study of tissues or organs based on the visualization from x-ray films

Pathological Anatomy

Study of Diseases through anatomy

Embryology

study of structures that emerge from the time of the fertilized egg through the eight week in utero

Endocrinology

study of the chemical regulators in the blood and how they control body functions

Neurophysiology

study of functional properties of nerve cells

Immunology

how the body defends itself against disease-causing agents

Cardiovascular Physiology

study of the functions of the heart and blood vessels

Physologist

A scientist wants to study how the body uses foods and fluids during a marathon run. This scientist is most likely an

Chemicals

• smallest level • atoms, chemical bonds, molecules

Cellular

• cells: basic units of life • compartments and organelles • examples are mitochondria, nucleus

Tissues

• group of cells with similar structure and function plus extracellular substances they release • four broad types

Organs

• two or more tissue types acting together to perform function(s) • Examples: stomach, heart, liver, ovary, bladder, kidney

Organ-System

• group of organs contributing to some function • for example, digestive system, reproductive system

Organism

• all organ systems working together • includes associated microorganisms such as intestinal bacteria

Organ System of the body

Integumentary system, Skeletal System, Muscular system, Nervous System, Endocrine System, Cardiovascular System, Lymphatic System, Respiratory System, Digestive System, Urinary System, Female & Male Reproductive System

Organization

• functional interrelationships between parts

Metabolism

• sum of all chemical and physical changes sustaining an organism • ability to acquire and use energy in support of these changes

Responsiveness

• ability to sense and respond to environmental changes • includes both internal and external environments

Growth

• can increase in size • size of cells, groups of cells, extracellular materials

Development

• changes in form and size • changes in cell structure and function from generalized to specialized—differentiation

Reproduction

• formation of new cells or new organisms • generation of new individuals • tissue repair

Homeostasis

• maintenance of constant internal environment despite fluctuations in the external or internal environment • dynamic state of equilibrium • homeo = sameness; stasis = standing still

Variables

• measures of body properties that may change in value

Normal range

normal extent of increase or decrease around a set point

Set point

normal, or average value of a variable Over time, body temperature fluctuates around a set point

FEEDBACK SYSTEMS

cycle of events in which a condition in the body is continually monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, and reevaluated

Receptor

• detects changes in variable

Control center

• receives receptor signal • establishes set point • sends signal to effector

Effector

• directly causes change in variable

Negative feedback system

reverses a change in a controlled condition

Positive Feedback System

strengthens or reinforce a change in one of the body’s controlled condition

Negative feedback

is the main mechanism used homeostatic regulation.

Positive feedback

mechanisms occur when the initial stimulus further stimulates the response

Superior

Nearer to the head

Inferior

Away from the head

Anterior

Nearer to the front of the body

Posterior

Nearer to the back of the body

Medial

Nearer from the midline, or midsagittal plane

Lateral

Farther from the midline, or midsagittal plane

Intermediate

Between two structures

Ipsilateral

On the same side of the body from the structure

Contralateral

On the opposite side of the body from the structure

Proximal

Nearer from the attachment of a limb to the trunk

Distal

Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk

Superficial

Towards the surface of the body

Deep (DEP)

Away from the surface of the body

With answers

Without answers

Just review this lol