study guide

functional unit of kidney

nephron

differences of secretion, reabsorption, and filtration

secretion: blood to nephron

reabsorption: nephron to blood

filtration: blood to glomerular capsule

location of nephron where sodium reabsorption is the highest

proximal convoluted tubule

what are aquaproins

water channel proteins

properties of aldosterone

increases sodium and increases potassium, from adrenal cortex

properties of antidiuretic hormone

release adenohypophysis, prevents water loss, inserts more aquaporins

main organs of the digestive system

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus

function of amylase

break down starch/carbohydrates into smaller sugars

vesicles package lipids

chylomicrons

bile

emulsifies fat

what enzyme activates trypsinogen

enterokinase from small intestine

cell release hydrochloric acid

parietal cells in stomach

purpose of mechanical digestion

physically break food into smaller pieces for more surface area plus more manageable

function of pepsin

break down of proteins into smaller peptides

cell that releases intrinsic factor

parietal cells

what are membrane attack complex proteins (MAC)

complement proteins that form pores that causes cell lysis

cells of the immune system

B cell, T cell, plasma cell, macrophages, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, natural killer cells, mast cells, dendritic cells

movement of immune cells out of blood vessels

diapedesis

chemotaxin

attract immune cells to sites of infection

antibodies release

plasma cells (activated B cells)

sebum

oily secretion from sebaceous glands that protects skin

cytotoxic T cells destroy cancer cells

perforin and granzymes to trigger apoptosis

what are interferons

secreted by leukocytes and virus-infected cells to induce virus resistance in neighboring cells

properties of spermatogenesis

production of sperm, puberty

where does follicle start to develop

ovaries as primordial follicle

what enzyme converts androgen to estrogen

aromatase

what cells responds to FSH in ovaries

granulosa cells

Where is LH release

adenohypophysis

properties of gonadotropin releasing hormone

released from hypothalamus and stimulates adenohypophysis to release FSH and LH

which hormone control the menstrual cycle in females

FSH, LH, estrogen, progesterone

when one spermatogonium undergoes a complete cell division, how many daughter cells are there

4

what cells form the blood-testis barrier in males

sertoli cells

where does spermatogenesis start

seminiferous tubules

properties of testosterone

produced by leydig cells, develop secondary sex characteristics

which cells are diploid and which are haploid in oogenesis

diploid: oogonia, primary oocytes

haploid: secondary oocytes