Teas science flashcards

General Orientation

What is anterior?

Front of the body.

What is posterior?

Back of the body

what is superior?

Toward the head

What is inferior

Toward the feet

What plane divides left and right

Sagittal plane

what plane divides front and back

Frontal (coronal) plane

What plane divides upper and lower

Transverse plane

What does proximal mean

closer to the point of attachment

What does distal mean

Farther from the point of attachment

What is anatomical position

standing erect, facing forward, with arms at the sides, palms facing forward, and feet slightly apart

Respiratory System

Main function of the alveoli

Gas exchange - oxygen enters blood, Co2 leaves

what does the diaphgram do

contracts to inhale, relaxes to exhales; primary breathing muscle

pathway of air from nose to lungs

nasal cavity - pharynx - larynx - trachea - bronchi - bronchioles - alveoli

what prevents food entering the airway

epiglottis covers the trachea and larynx when swallowing

what gas diffuses into the blood at the alveoli

oxygen

Cardiovascular System

what is the primary function of the left ventricle

pumps oxygenated blood to the entire body (strongest chamber)

what differentiates arteries from veins

arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart, while veins transport oxygen-poor blood back to the heart.

where does gas exchange occur in circulation

capillaries

what is the SA (sinoatrial) node

the hearts natural pacemaker; regulates heartbeat

what is the function of platelets

blood clotting

Digestive System

where does most nutrient absorption happen

small intestine (jejunum)

what organ produces bile

liver

what organ stores bile

gallbladder

what enzymes does the pancreas release

amylase, lipase, protease - helps digest carbs, fats, proteins

muscular system

three types of muscles

skeletal (voluntary), smooth (involuntary), cardiac (involuntary)

what causes muscle contraction

actin and myosin slide together (sliding filament theory)

Reproductive System

where does fertilization occur

fallopian tubes

what is the function of the uterus

supports embryo/fetus

hormones that regulate menstrual cycle

estrogen and progesterone

what does testosterone do

sperm production & male secondary sex characteristics

Integumentary System

what are the layers of skin

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

what do melanocytes do

produce melanin (pigment)

what glands produce sweat

sudoriferous glands

function of sebaceous glands

produce sebum (oil)

Urinary system

function of kidneys

filter blood, regulate water & electrolytes, create urine

process of filtration occurs where

glomerulus

what is reabsorbed in the nephron

water, glucose, salts

Immune/Lymphatic System

what are leukocytes

white blood cells

what is the function of the spleen

filters blood, recycles RBCs, stores WBC

what does the lymphatic system do

returns fluid to bloodstream & supports immunity

What cells recognize past infections

memory B cells

Skeletal System

two types of bone marrow

red (makes blood cells), yellow (stores fat)

function of bones

structure, protection, movement, mineral storage

ligaments connect what

bone to bone

tendons connect what

muscle to bone

Biology

what is the function of the mitochondria

produce ATP (energy)

what is the function of ribosomes

protein synthesis

what is the cell membrane made of

phospholipid bilayer

base pairs in DNA

a-t, c-g

base pairs in RNA

a-u, c-g

what is transcription

making mRNA from DNA

what is translation

creating proteins from mRNA

Mendel & Inheritance

dominant allele

expressed if present

recessive allele

expressed only if homozygous

phenotypes

physical traits

genotypes

genetic makeup

Macromolecules

carbohydrates function

quick energy

lipids function

long-term energy, insulation

proteins function

structure, enzymes, transport

nucleic acids function

store genetic information

Microorganisms

what are pathogens

disease-causing organisms

what kills bacteria

antibiotics

what fights viruses

antibodies

Chemistry

Proton charge

positive charge

electron charge

negative

neutron charge

neutral

Matter & Reactions

solid - liquid

melting

liquid - gas

evaporation

catalyst function

speeds up a chemical reaction without being used

Solutions

what is a solute

substance being disscolved

what is a solvent

substance doing the dissolving

Acids & Bases

acid pH

below 7

base pH

above 7

neutral pH

7

why are alveoli efficient for gas exchange

large surface area & thin walls

what drives breathing

co2 levels in the blood

what side of the heart pumps to the lungs; what side pumps to the body

right side to the lungs; left side to the body

why is the left ventricle thicker

pumps blood to the entire body

what is the function of hemoglobin

binds and transports oxygen

what is blood pressure

force of blood against vessel walls

what causes muscle contraction

actin and myosin sliding with ATP

why is ATP needed

provides energy for contractions