test and stuff

cardiac output

the amont of blood in the heart pumps in one minute

HR x SV=co

What pathologies increase afterload?

Valvular aortic/ pulmonic stenosis

Subvalvular aortic/ pulmonic stenosis

Supravalvular aortic/ pulmonic stenosis

Systemic/pulmonic hypertension

Coarctation of the aorta

Renal artery stenosis

What are some pathologies that increase preload?

Mitral/ aortic regurgitation

- Heart failure (backed up blood resulting into more SV)

- IV fluids/blood transfusions

-bradycardia

- renal failure

- venoconstriction

What is heart failure?

When the heart is no longer able to pump blood to sustain the body's metabolic needs, or can only do so if the cardiac filling pressure are abnormally high

heart is too weak to pump blood around the body, or can only do it with extra pressure and extra blood

What determines stroke volume?

preload, afterload, contractility

Conditions that increase ventricular preload include:

Mitral regurgitation

Tricuspid regurgitation

Pulmonic regurgitation

Aortic regurgitation

Ventricular and atrial septal defects

Fluid overload

stroke volume

the amount of blood pumped with each beat

EDV-ESV= SV m/l

Ejection fraction

percentage of blood left in the ventricle that gets pumped out

(SV/EDV)x100= EF %

End systolic volume

amount of blood that’s left in the ventricle at the end of contraction.

End diastolic volume

volume of blood left in the ventricle at the end of diastole volume.

S3 sound

heart sound during filing of a stretched out heart common in systolic heart failure.

-common systolic heart failure.

S4 sound

a heart sound is heard when heart is stiff and hard to fill.

-common in diastolic problems

What is most sensitive period for cardiac development?

3 to 6 weeks

What day does the primitive heart begins to beat?

22 days

When does septation begin?

33- 37 days

When will the tubes fuse together forming a single heart tube?

day 22

What are the layers of the primitive heart?

endocardium, Cardiac jelly, myocardium.

inside ——→ outside

What is endocardium?

inner lining of the heart

What is one pathway?

umbilical vein- ductus venous- IVC- RA- foreman ovale (LA- MV- LV- Aorta)

What is the second pathway?

IVC- SVC- CS- RA- PV- MPA- ductus arteriosus- Aorta

What is Cardiac jelly?

gelatin like middle layer (helps cushion and shape)

What is myocardium?

muscular outer layer that will become the heart muscle

What first septum to form?

septum primum

When the septum primum forms what closes?

Ostium primum

When Ostium primum closes what forms?

ostium secundum

How does septum secundum forms?

as a thick, muscular ridge that grows downward to the right of the septum primum. It partly covers the ostium secundum, but doesn’t close it completely. o This leaves a new oval-shaped hole → the foramen ovale

How does the valve of the foramen ovale form?

by the lower part of the septum primum. As the septum secundum grows and leaves the foramen ovale open, the septum primum acts like a flap on the left‑atrial side. This flap becomes the valve that allows blood to flow right → left in the fetus but prevents left → right flow.

What happens to baby once it’s born when it comes it the pressure in the left atrium?

the left atrium becomes higher than right.

Where is the interventricular foreman?

an opening between the right and left ventricle

Which tissues fuse with the muscular interventricular septum to form the membranous part?

The bulbar (conotruncal) ridges and the endocardial cushions.

What does the fusion of these tissues form?

The membranous part of the interventricular septum.

What does the membranous septum do?

It closes the interventricular foramen.

What is the result of closing the interventricular foramen?

The right and left ventricles become fully separated.

At 4 weeks how many pairs of arches?

6 pairs.

What is 3rd aortic arch?

origin of the ICA

What is the 4 aortic arch?

aortic arch

what is the 6 aortic arch?

pulmonary arteries.

What aortic arches get absorbed?

1, 2, 5

At how many week there is 6 pairs of aortic arches?

4 weeks

What is one of the first pathway start?

Oxygenated blood enters through the umbilical vein

After the umbilical vein, where does the blood go?

It passes through the ductus venosus.

After the ductus venosus, where does blood flow?

Into the inferior vena cava (IVC).

After entering the IVC, where does the blood go?

It flows into the right atrium (RA).

How does the blood bypass the right ventricle and lungs?

It passes through the foramen ovale into the left atrium.

After

(LA → MV → LV → Aorta)

What does the foreman ovale become?

fossa ovalis (adults)

What does the ductus arteriosus become?

ligamentum arteriosum (adults)

What does the ductus venosus become?

ligamentum venosum (adults)

What is one of the second pathway start?

The IVC, SVC, and coronary sinus (CS).

After entering the right atrium, where does the blood go?

Into the right ventricle (RV).

After the right ventricle, where does the blood flow?

Through the pulmonary valve (PV).

After the pulmonary valve, what vessel does the blood enter?

The main pulmonary artery (MPA).

How does fetal blood bypass the lungs from the pulmonary artery?

It flows through the ductus arteriosus.

After the ductus arteriosus, where does the blood go?

Into the aorta.

What is this?

Sinuous Venous

What is this?

Ostium secundum

What is this

Ostium primum

What is the ASD?

Ostium primum, Ostium secundum, Sinus venous

What is the ostium primum

lower parts of the parts by the av valves.

What is the Ostium secundum?

Central part of the septum.

What is the Sinus venosus?

Superior interatrial septum.

What is this?

Ostium primum

What is?

ostium secondum

What is this?

sinus venous

what is the left horn?

from coronary sinus

what is the right horn?

become absorbed in the right atria as the sinus venarum

By what day does the tube bends and loops into a U shape because it’s too long?

day 23

What is the most common membranous?

Perimembanous

what is the memebranous of the IVS by AOV

perimembranous (2)

what IS THIS

Truncus arteriosus

WHAT IS THIS?

Bulbus Cordis

WHAT IS THIS?

Primitive ventricle

What is pulse alternans?

weak then strong the week again pulse.

What is partial?

Ostium primum ASD • Cleft Mitral Valve

What complete?

• ASD • VSD • Common AV Valves

What is mitral valve leak?

mitral valve doesn’t close tightly, so blood leaks backward from the left ventricle into the left atrium.

what is this?

Primitive atrium

what is this?

Sinus Venosum

where IS INLET ?

TRICUSPIC VALVE

What is this?

PERIMEMBRANOUS VSD

What is Ebsteins Anomaly?

Tricuspid leaflets are displaced apically one or more leaflets

What is tetralogy of Fallot?

congenital heart defect combination 4 related heart defects.

What are the 4 related defects in tetralogy of fallot?

VSD,

Overriding aorta

pulmonary stenosis

right ventricular hypertrophy

What is this?

INLET VSD

What does PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS cause?

Left Ventricular Volume Overload

What is pda?

blood leaving aorta is shunted back to pulmonary artery traveling to LA.

What is Eisenmenger syndrome?

This may change the pressure from left to right systemic circulation will have deoxygenated blood.