Natural Sciences Review

What organelle contains its own DNA and is responsible for ATP production?

Mitochondria

Which phase of mitosis aligns chromosomes at the equator?

Metaphase

Which phase separates sister chromatids?

Anaphase

What structure controls what enters and leaves the cell?

Plasma membrane

What type of transport requires ATP?

Active transport

What molecule is the primary energy currency of the cell?

ATP

What process converts glucose into pyruvate?

Glycolysis

Where does glycolysis occur?

Cytoplasm

Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

Mitochondrial matrix

What is produced during the electron transport chain?

ATP and water

What molecule carries genetic information?

DNA

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Amino acids

What bond links amino acids?

Peptide bond

What is the function of enzymes?

Lower activation energy

What happens to enzymes at high temperatures?

Denature

What type of bond holds water molecules together?

Hydrogen bond

What is the pH of pure water?

7

What macromolecule stores genetic information?

Nucleic acids

What sugar is in DNA?

Deoxyribose

What sugar is in RNA?

Ribose

What base pairs with adenine in DNA?

Thymine

What base pairs with cytosine?

Guanine

What is transcription?

DNA to mRNA

What is translation?

mRNA to protein

What is a codon?

Three-base sequence on mRNA

What is an anticodon?

Three-base sequence on tRNA

What is the role of ribosomes?

Protein synthesis

What organelle modifies proteins?

Golgi apparatus

What organelle detoxifies drugs?

Smooth ER

What organelle digests waste?

Lysosome

What is homeostasis?

Maintaining internal balance

What hormone regulates blood sugar?

Insulin

What system controls hormones?

Endocrine system

What type of immunity is immediate?

Innate immunity

What cells produce antibodies?

B cells

What cells kill infected cells?

T cells

What is natural selection?

Survival of fittest traits

What is evolution?

Change in allele frequency over time

What is a gene?

Segment of DNA coding for protein

What is a mutation?

Change in DNA sequence

What is meiosis?

Produces haploid gametes

What is mitosis?

Produces identical cells

What is crossing over?

Exchange of DNA between homologs

What is independent assortment?

Random chromosome distribution

What is Boyle’s Law?

PV = constant

What is Charles’ Law?

V/T = constant

What is Avogadro’s Law?

V/n = constant

What is the ideal gas law?

PV = nRT

What happens when temperature increases?

Volume increases

What is molarity?

moles per liter

What is a mole?

6.022 x 10^23 particles

What is pH?

-log[H+]

What is a strong acid?

Completely dissociates

What is a strong base?

Completely dissociates

What is Le Chatelier’s principle?

System shifts to relieve stress

What is oxidation?

Loss of electrons

What is reduction?

Gain of electrons

What is electronegativity?

Attraction for electrons

What is ionization energy?

Energy to remove electron

What is atomic radius trend?

Increases down, decreases across

What type of bond shares electrons?

Covalent

What type transfers electrons?

Ionic

What are intermolecular forces?

Attractions between molecules

What is hydrogen bonding?

Strong dipole interaction with H

What is a catalyst?

Lowers activation energy

What is equilibrium?

Forward = reverse rate

What is enthalpy?

Heat energy

What is entropy?

Disorder

What is Gibbs free energy?

Spontaneity measure

What makes reaction spontaneous?

Negative ΔG

What is an alkane?

Single bonds only

What is an alkene?

Double bond

What is an alkyne?

Triple bond

What is an alcohol?

-OH group

What is a carboxylic acid?

-COOH group

What is an amine?

-NH2 group

What is SN1 reaction?

Two-step substitution

What is SN2 reaction?

One-step substitution

What is E1 reaction?

Two-step elimination

What is E2 reaction?

One-step elimination

What favors SN2?

Strong nucleophile

What favors SN1?

Stable carbocation

What is a nucleophile?

Electron donor

What is an electrophile?

Electron acceptor

What is a leaving group?

Leaves with electrons

What is Markovnikov’s rule?

H to more H carbon

What is anti-Markovnikov?

H to less H carbon

What is stereochemistry?

3D arrangement

What are enantiomers?

Mirror images

What are diastereomers?

Non-mirror stereoisomers

What is chirality?

Non-superimposable mirror

What is oxidation of alcohol?

Gain of O or loss of H

Which phase of cell cycle includes DNA replication?

S phase

What happens in G1 phase?

Growth

What happens in G2?

Preparation for mitosis

What checkpoint ensures DNA integrity?

G1 checkpoint

What is apoptosis?

Programmed cell death