Microbiology 265 History

13th Century (old diseases)

Leprosy: people infected with myobacterium leprae

1348 Black plague: yermina pestis

Development of Microscopes

1st compound microscope from Hans & Zacharis Jassen in 1595

• 3 draw tubes with lenses

Development of Vaccines (Edward Jenner experiment)

Observed that milkmaids never got smallpox, Jenner hypothesized its because they had cowpox

Golden age of Microbiology

Pasteur was the father of microbio and it boomed after his work.

Disease agents were discovered

Vaccine discovered

techniques for culturing microorganism

study of chemical activities of microorganisms

Robert Hooke

observed plant cells in 1660

beginning of cell theory —> all living things are made out of cells

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

First to see live organisms 1676

made over 400 microscopes: simple, single lens

drawings of animalcules in water

Germ Theory of Disease

Idea that organisms can cause disease

in 1860, Joseph Lister applied this to medical procedures

• treated wounds with disinfectant ( phenol )

Louis Pastuer (Microbiology GOD)

Disproved spontaneous generation via swan-neck flask experiment

developed pasteurization (heat kills most bacteria)

convinced himself microorganisms could infect animals and humans

made vaccine for Rabies and Anthrax

Spontaneous Generation

the idea that non-living objects can give rise to living organisms

by Franceso Redi

experimented with flies and maggots on meat

• Needham V Spallanzi

  • Spellanzi sealed Flask Tightly while Needham did not the flask tightly,

Swan-neck flask experiment (Pasteur)

Long flask with broth on one end and open tube on the other. The dust and microorganisms gets trapped on the “U” of the curve, so air can pass through to the broth.

Robert Koch (Germ Theory)

1876: proof that microorganisms cause disease

• finding cause of anthrax

• found Bacillus anthracis in blood of cattle that died of anthrax

The Koch Postulates

• establishes a cause-effect relationship between a specific organism and an infectious disease

Nightingale and Nursing

English Nurse that introduced antiseptic techniques (reduced death from 42% to 2%)

Synthetic Drugs

Paul Ehrlich (1910)

• Found salvorsan effective against Syphilis

• Sulfonamides Synthesized late 1930’s

Antibiotics

Discovered by accident by Alexander Flemming (1928)

• Found mold on plate that inhibited growth of bacteria

Anthrax

Thrives in animals and resulted in animal death

Anyone near the spore gets infected

Found in GI tract of animal

Can survive high heat, can’t cook

cured by PASTEUR

Pastuer vs Jenner on Vaccines

Pastuer: tested and studied vaccines, developed that microbes made people sick

Jenner: Accidentally discovered Immunity