AP HUG weakness

Malthusians

Believers that population grows faster than food supply, leading to famine and conflict unless controlled.

Neo-Malthusians

Modern supporters concerned about overpopulation, environmental degradation, and limited resources.

Ethnocentrism

Judging another culture based on the values of your own.

Antecedent Boundary

A boundary drawn before people settle or develop the area.

Subsequent Boundary

A boundary drawn after population and cultural landscapes are established.

Consequent Boundary

A subtype of subsequent boundary that matches cultural divisions.

Superimposed Boundary

A boundary forced by external powers that ignores cultural divisions.

Relic Boundary

A boundary that no longer functions but is still visible or culturally significant.

Geometric Boundary

A boundary represented by straight lines, usually latitude/longitude.

Physical (Natural) Boundary

A boundary based on natural features.

Cultural (Ethnographic) Boundary

A boundary based on language, religion, or ethnicity.

Definitional Dispute

Disagreement about legal language regarding boundaries.

Locational Dispute

Disagreement over the actual position of a boundary.

Operational Dispute

Disagreement on how a boundary is used.

Allocational Dispute

Dispute over resources related to a boundary.

Apartheid

A system of racial segregation in South Africa from 1948 to the 1990s.

Break of Bulk Point

A place where goods are transferred from one transport type to another.

SEZ (Special Economic Zone)

An area with special economic regulations to attract foreign investment.

EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone)

A zone extending 200 nautical miles from the coast where a country controls natural resources.

UNCLOS (Law of the Sea)

Defines maritime zones and rights related to the ocean.

Commodity Chains

A series of steps in producing and distributing a product.

Ecumene

Permanently inhabited areas of Earth.

Rostow's Model of Economic Growth

A model describing the stages of economic growth.

Concentric Zone Model

An urban model depicting rings from CBD outward.

Sector Model

An urban model that shows wedges radiating from the center.

Multiple Nuclei Model

An urban model with multiple centers of activity.

Latin American City Model

An urban model featuring a spine of elite housing from the CBD.

Southeast Asian City Model

An urban model centered around a port, lacking a CBD.

Sub-Saharan African Model

An urban model with three CBDs related to colonial, traditional, and market areas.

Shifting Cultivation

Slash-and-burn farming in tropical regions that moves when soil depletes.