extra root words to know

cyto-

cell

vacu-

empty space/storage sac

vesic-

small sac/bladder

lyso-

loosen/break apart

ribo-

ribose/RNA-related

centri-

center

flagell-

whip

cili-

hairlike projection

membran-

thin layer/covering

perme-

allow passage through

osm-

push/pressure

ton-

tension/pressure

diffu-

spread out

ves-

carry/convey

channel-

passage/pathway

receptor-

receiver

signal-

communication/message

homeo-

same/steady

feedback-

response loop

regul-

control/manage

equilibrium-

balance

amino-

nitrogen-containing compound

peptide-

small protein chain

glyc-

sugar/sweet

starch-

stored carbohydrate

cellul-

small chamber/cell

enzym-

biological catalyst

catal-

break down/speed reaction

substrate-

underlying material/reactant

react-

act in response

synth-

put together/make

denatur-

alter structure

organic-

carbon-based life substance

inorganic-

non-living/non-carbon based

acid-

sour/proton donor

base-

proton acceptor

buffer-

resist change

ion-

charged particle

cation-

positive ion

anion-

negative ion

solvent-

dissolving substance

solute-

dissolved substance

bond-

connection/join

coval-

sharing electrons

ionic-

charged bond

nucleot-

basic unit of nucleic acids

helicase-

enzyme that unwinds DNA

polymerase-

enzyme that builds DNA/RNA

ligase-

enzyme that joins DNA fragments

codon-

three-base genetic code

anticodon-

complementary RNA code

ribos-

RNA/protein synthesis related

chromatid-

copied chromosome strand

chromat-

colored material/chromosome related

histone-

DNA packaging protein

allele-

gene variation

trait-

inherited characteristic

genotype-

genetic makeup

hered-

inheritance

inherit-

receive genetically

replic-

copy

transcript-

copy genetic information

translat-

convert genetic code to proteins

express-

show/use genetic info

regulat-

control activity

mutagen-

mutation-causing agent

thylakoid-

membrane sac in chloroplast

gran-

grain/stack

stroma-

supporting fluid layer

calvin-

carbon-fixation cycle related

glycol-

sugar splitting

pyruv-

pyruvate related

ferment-

break down without oxygen

anaerob-

without oxygen

aerob-

with oxygen

ATP-

cellular energy molecule

electron-

negatively charged particle

proton-

positively charged particle

gradient-

gradual difference

energy-

usable power

metabol-

chemical processes of life

oxid-

lose electrons

reduc-

gain electrons

spindle-

pulling fibers in division

centromere-

chromosome center point

diploid-

two chromosome sets

haploid-

one chromosome set

gamete-

sex cell

zygote-

fertilized egg

fertil-

reproduction/fusion

embryo-

early developing organism

dominant-

stronger expressed trait

recessive-

hidden/weaker trait

codomin-

both traits expressed

pedigree-

family inheritance chart

punnett-

genetics prediction chart

variation-

difference/diversity