cut my life into pieces

Industrial Revolution

The shift from farming economies to factory economies due to technological advancements and machinery

Henry Ford

Revolutionized the automobile industry by introducing assembly line production, making cars affordable to the masses

Assembly Line Production

Method where job tasks are divided, allowing faster manufacturing of automobiles

Capitalism

Economic system of private ownership, free-trade, and profit motives with little government involvement

Invisible Hand Concept

Argued that individual self-interest unintentionally contributes to the overall good of society

Communism

Economic system that advocates for a classless society in which property and production are controlled by the state

Imperialism

The domination of one nation over another, extending control politically, economically, or culturally

Social Darwinism

Argued that stronger nations were naturally superior and had the right to dominate weaker ones

White Man's Burden

Idea that Western nations had a duty to spread their culture and values to less-developed societies

Scramble for Africa

Rapid invasion, colonization, and division of Africa by European powers during the late 19th century

Militarism

Belief in building up strong armed forces to prepare for war, defend the country, and promote national interests

Alliances

Agreement in which countries support each other militarily to achieve mutual security in case of conflict

Nationalism

A strong sense of pride, loyalty, and devotion to one's nation, believing it deserves greater power and influence

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne whose assassination in 1914 triggered the beginning of World War I

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire

Allied Powers

France, Russia, and Britain (later joined by Italy and the United States)

Trench Warfare

Fighting from deep trenches dug into the ground, facing harsh conditions and constant enemy fire

Propaganda

Biased or misleading information by governments to manipulate public opinion or promote a particular cause

Zimmermann Telegram

Secret message from Germany to Mexico in January 1917, proposing a military alliance against the U.S.

Treaty of Versailles

Imposed harsh reparations, military restrictions, and territorial losses on Germany, officially ending WWI

Joseph Stalin

Dictator of the Soviet Union who used repression, fear, and strict control to enforce communist policies

Fascism

Ideology emphasizing extreme nationalism, militarism, and authoritarianism, typically led by a dictator

Adolf Hitler

Dictator of Nazi Germany, responsible for initiating World War II and overseeing the atrocities of the Holocaust

Invasion of Poland

Marked the official start of World War II, leading Britain and France to declare war on Germany

Axis Powers

Germany, Italy, and Japan

Allied Powers (WWII)

Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and later the United States

Attack on Pearl Harbour

Attack on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, destroying battleships, aircraft, and killing 2,400 Americans

The Holocaust

Systematic genocide carried out by Nazi Germany, resulting in the murder of six million Jews and millions of others

J. Robert Oppenheimer

Known as the 'Father of the Atomic Bomb,' overseeing the development of the first nuclear weapons

Hiroshima & Nagasaki

Locations used for the first atomic bombings in history, targeted by the United States in August 1945

The Cold War

Period of political, economic, and ideological rivalry between the U.S. and the Soviet Union from 1947 to 1991

Iron Curtain

Symbolic division between Western democracies and Eastern communist states during the Cold War

Domino Theory

Belief that if one country fell to communism, neighboring countries would also fall to Soviet influence

NATO

Military alliance between the U.S., Canada, and Western European nations to counter Soviet aggression

The Red Scare

Era of anti-communist hysteria in the United States, characterized by a fear of communist infiltration in society

McCarthyism

Led by Senator Joseph McCarthy, movement involved aggressive accusations of communist ties against American citizens

Proxy Wars

Indirect battles where the U.S. and Soviet Union support opposing sides without direct military conflict

Vietnam War

Conflict between communist North Vietnam, supported by the Soviet Union, and South Vietnam, backed by the U.S.

Cuban Missile Crisis

Tense standoff between the U.S. and Soviet Union in 1962, nearly bringing the world to nuclear war

Fall of the Berlin Wall

Symbolized the collapse of communist rule and the reunification of Germany, marking the end of the Cold War

Zionism

Promoted the idea of establishing a Jewish state in Palestine as a refuge for persecuted Jews

Pogroms

Violent, organized attacks against Jewish communities across Eastern Europe during the 19th century

Balfour Declaration

Declared support for 'a national home for the Jewish people' in Palestine by the British Government

UN Partition Plan

Divided Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states, leading to the establishment of Israel

Arab-Israeli War

Conflicts between Israel and neighboring Arab states, stemming from rejection over the creation of Israel

Palestinian Refugee Crisis

Mass displacement of over 700,000 Palestinians, who fled or were expelled following the Arab-Israeli War

Six Day War

Brief conflict where Israel defeated Egypt, Jordan, and Syria, gaining control over all of Palestine

First Intifada

Palestinian revolts against Israeli rule in the occupied territories, characterized by mass protests and strikes

Oslo Accords

Agreement between Israel and the PLO to lay the groundwork for Palestinian self-rule in Israeli occupied territories

October 7th Attacks

Large-scale surprise assault by Hamas on Israel in 2023, involving the brutal capturing of hostages

Pan-Arabism

Promoted a single Arab state, emphasizing shared language, culture, and opposition to Western influence

Iranian Revolution

Series of events that led to the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of an Islamic Republic

Ayatollah Khomeini

Leader of the Iranian Revolution and the founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran, serving as its Supreme Leader

Iran Hostage Crisis

Standoff in which 52 American diplomats were held hostage by Iranian militants for 444 days

Jimmy Carter

U.S. President during the Iran Hostage Crisis, who struggled to secure the release of the Americans held captive

Al-Qaeda

Militant Islamist group responsible for the 9/11 terrorist attacks, founded by Osama bin Laden in the 1980s

Osama bin Laden

Founder of Al-Qaeda who orchestrated the 9/11 terrorist attacks as retaliation against U.S. presence in the Middle East

The War on Terror

Military campaign launched by the U.S. after 9/11 to eliminate Al-Qaeda and other terrorist groups

War in Afghanistan

U.S.-led military intervention to dismantle the Taliban and eliminate al-Qaeda following the 9/11 attacks

Iraq War

U.S. invasion to overthrow Saddam Hussein, eliminate weapons of mass destruction, and establish democracy