Organization of life part two

Cell membrane

Separates the living components in the cell from the nonliving surroundings

Cytoplasm

Made up of cytosol liquid part and the organelles

Nucleus

Contains the genetic material DNA

Nucleolus

Spherical body inside the nucleus produces the building blocks of ribosomes

Endoplasmic reticulum

If it has ribosomes on it, it’s roughly are involved in the synthesis and transport of proteins

Golgi apparatus/ Golgi body

Receives proteins from where they are made, and repackages them into vesicles for delivery within the cell or for export from the cell

Lysosomes

Contains digestive enzymes that breakdown, food, particles, bacteria, or parts of the cell itself more common in animal cells, the garbage disposal

Peroxisome’s

Protect the cell from its own production of toxic hydrogen peroxide, breaks it down into water and oxygen

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell site of cell respiration, which releases energy from sugars to produce ATP

Cytoskeleton

Provides shape support movement from centrals form chromosome separation during cell division

Chloroplast

Site of photosynthesis in which light energy is used to fix carbon dioxide in the form of sugars

Vacuoles

Store waste, sap – help maintain trigger pressure

Cell walls

Found in plant cells, fungi, some protests, implants and LJ walls are often made of cellulose in fungi. Walls are often made of chicken provides strength and support maintains trigger pressure.

Hypertonic solution

A solution that has lots of solutes

Hypotonic solution

Has a low amount of solute

Isotonic solution

Equal solute to water

How do cells respond to a hypertonic solution

Animal cells and plant cells both shrivel as all of their water is being pulled out of them and going to the hypertonic solution

How do cells respond to a isotonic solution?

For animal cells this is the perfect scenario they like to be in. There is not too much pressure but also just enough causing no shrivelling or swelling for plant cells. This isn’t the most ideal but will work just will not be at their max potential.

How do cells respond in a hypotonic solution?

This is a plant cells ideal condition due to them having a cell wall. The pressure allows them to thrive as the wall stops the cell from exploding for an animal cell. This is not ideal as they do not have a cell wall. This causes them to have no maximum capacity, a hypotonic solution causes water to continue coming in, causing them to swell or eventually burst

What is osmosis?

The diffusion of water through a membrane

What is diffusion?

Molecules tend to disperse from regions, where they are more highly concentrated to regions where they are less highly concentrated referred to as a passive process because it does not require energy may involve movement through a membrane

What is active transport?

Movement of substances against their concentration gradient from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration across a membrane. This requires energy.

What is endocytosis?

The movement of substances into the cell, enclosed vesicles of membrane

What is exocytosis?

Movement of substances, out of cells, enclosed in vesicles of membrane, Golgi apparatus wraps materials and membrane, and sends them to the surface of the cell

In which of the two types of active transport, do we use pinocytosis and phagocytosis and what are they?

We mostly use these when we were talking about endocytosis and pinocytosis is the movement of liquid liquids into the cell where phagocytosis transports macro molecules, and solids into the cell

Cell walls composition cellulose

This is a long chain of linked sugar molecules that give wood its remarkable strength, main component of plant cell walls basic building blocks for many textile and for paper cotton is the pierce natural form of cellulose.

Cell walls comp composition CHITIN

Similar to cellulose, except it contains nitrogen bonded to each glucose main component in cell walls of fungi best described as leathery

Cell wall composition PEPTIDOGLYCAN

Basic component of bacterial cell walls

Photosynthesis what are the two main phases?

Light reaction and dark reaction

How does light reaction in photosynthesis work?

Light dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid/grana involves the splitting of water breaks apart, the hydrogen, and the oxygen this requires light for the energy oxygen is our waist. The hydrogen molecule is picked up by NADP and goes to the dark reaction. Small amount of ATP is formed stores energy used to fuel the dark reaction.

Dark reactions

Dark reaction/light independent occurs in the stroma carbon dioxide is fixed into the sugar glucose ATP created during the light reaction powers the breakdown of our CO2 and resembling into glucose, the CO2 and the hydrogen that was brought over by the NADP bond together and create CH2O which is sugar glucose

So you respiration what uses it?

It is used by both plants and animals both use the products of photosynthesis for metabolic fuel

What are the stages of respiration?

Glycolysis crab cycle and ETCOP

What happens in the stage glycolysis?

This is the only anaerobic stage all living cells use glycolysis occurs in the side is all does not require oxygen key event glycolysis is the conversion of glucose into Peru. A small amount of energy is released to ATP.

What happens in the crib cycle?

Key event during the crab cycle pyruvate is converted into carbon dioxide the complete breakdown of glucose. In addition a small amount of energy is formed to ATp

What happens in the ETCOP stage?

Key event during the step larger amounts of energy are formed and hydrogen, combines with oxygen to form water, which is released as waste 32 ATP are formed

Where do all of these steps take place?

These all occur in the mitochondria

Which steps are anaerobic, and which steps are aerobic in the process of cellular respiration?

The first step which is glycolysis is the anaerobic stage the second step and the third step the crab cycle and ETCOP are both aerobic exercises as they require oxygen and glycolysis does not

What happens if there is no oxygen present

When no oxygen is present only the first stage can happen where two ATP are created. Everything then goes to the muscles and will build up to be lactic acid to be used later.