APHUG unit 2 vocab

Population density

The average number of people per unit of land.

Also can be described as the clustering of individuals within a species in a specific area.

\

Arithmetic density

The average number of people per unit of land area.

Physiological density

The average number of people per unit area that live on land suitable for cultivation.

Agricultural density

The number of farmers per unit of cultivated land.

Ecumene

Land that is taken up by a population that is permanently there.

Carrying capacity

The number of people that live in a particular environment sustainably.

Population pyramid

A graphic device used for visualizing the age and sex of a population.

They can show if a population is growing, declining, or staying the same.

Population distribution

The total number of people spread throughout the Earth’s surface.

Where are there a lot of people? Where are there less people?

Sex ratio

The ratio of men to women in a population.

Demographics

Statistical data of a population.

This can be data collected based on particular groups or a nation as a whole.

Fertility rate

The average number of children in a population.

The total number of live births, regardless of the age of the mother, per 1,000 women of reproductive age (15-49 years of age).

Mortality rate

The average number of deaths in a population.

Maternal mortality rate

A measure of how many mothers pass during live birth.

Infant mortality rate

The number of children that die before the age of one

Total fertility rate (TFR)

The average number of children born to women during their reproductive life.

Crude death rate

The number of deaths every year per 1000 people.

Crude birth rate

The average number of births per 1000 people.

(The traditional way of measuring birth rates)

Natural increase rate / Rate of natural increase (NIR)

The difference between the number of births and deaths in a given year.

Pandemic

A disease epidemic that spreads across a large population, regions, nations, and continents very quickly.

Migration

The movement of people from one place to another.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

How population changes overtime.

The model includes crude birth rate, crude death rate, and NIR.

Geographers use this to determine a country’s population growth.

Epidemiological Transitional Model (ETM)

A model that seeks to explain how changes in health services and living standards affect patterns of disease. (Causes of death)

Malthusian Theory

Population grows quicker than food supplies/ sustenance.

In the case that there may be a famine, war, or disease, the population will decrease which will equal out the population to sustenance.

Pronatalist Policies

Policies designed to increase fertility rates and ultimately population growth.

Antinatalist Policies

Policies designed to reduce population growth by reducing fertility rates.

Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration

1\.Migrants move only short distances.

2There is a process of absorption, whereby, people immediately surrounding a rapidly growing area migrate into it and the gaps they leave are filled by migrants from more distant areas and so on until the attractive force is spent.

3\.There is a process of dispersion, which is the opposite of absorption.

4\.Each migration flow produces a compensating counter-flow.

5\.Long-distance migrants go to one of the great centers of commerce and industry.

6\.Natives of towns are less migratory then those of rural areas.

7\. Females are more migratory than males.

Dependency Ratio

The number of dependents in a population that each 100 working-age people (ages 15 to 64) must support.

Push Factors

Factors that cause people to be dissatisfied with their present location and want to move somewhere else.

Pull Factors

The attributes of other places that make them appealing to potential migrants.

Voluntary Migration

Migration that is done willingly.

Forced Migration

Migration caused by forces out of one’s control, such as disasters, social conflicts, or developmental projects.

Transnational Migration

When migrants move back and forth between where they emigrated and where they immigrated.

Transhumance Migration

Migration where herders and their livestock move between highland pastures in warm seasons and low pastures the rest of the year.

Chain Migration

The process by which some people’s migration to a new place leads their family members, friends, and others to move to the same place.

Step (Stepwise) Migration

Migration carried out in a series of stages, usually from nearby to bigger and more distant places.

Guest Worker

A person with temporary permission to work in another country.

Brain Drain

A phenomenon where a country or place loses young, more educated, and skilled people through migration.

Rural to Urban Migration

When people move from the countryside to cities.

Net Migration

The difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants.

Net-In Migration

When more individuals immigrate to an area than emigrate from the area.

Net-Out Migration

When more individuals emigrate from an area than to the area.

Rate of Natural Increase

The difference between the number of births and deaths in a given year, when expressed as a percentage of the total population; The percent by which the population grows in a year.

Doubling Time

The number of years it takes for a population to double in size.

Immigration

People moving to a different country to live there permanently. (INCREASE) Entering a country to increase population size.

Emigration

The act of a migrant leaving their country of origin to settle in another country permanently. (EXIT) Leaving to decrease population size.

Refugees

A person who leaves their country because of persecution based on race, ethnicity, religion, nationality, or political opinion.

Internally Displaced Persons

Someone who remains within their country’s borders despite being persecuted by their home country.

Asylum Seekers

A person who leaves their country seeking protection from persecution but has not yet been legally recognized as a refugee and awaits a decision made on their asylum claim.

Quota Laws

Laws which control the number of non-citizens permitted to become legal citizens of a country every year.

Remittance

A sum of money sent by mail, in payment or as a gift.